3A: Evaluate the extent to which studies of 18th century Derwent Valley communities challenge or support past and present interpretations of the Enlightenment <\/h3>More information on this strategy <\/summary>URI: <\/h5>https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/dvmwhs\/researchframework\/v1\/strategy\/strategy-61c322b1df505<\/a><\/span>Linked Question(s): <\/h5>3.10 – How did Enlightenment cultures of water shape life and landscapes in the Derwent Valley (for example, by the development of spas and hydropathy)?<\/a>More information: <\/h5>The Enlightenment, with its emphasis upon reason and individualism and rejection of traditional social, religious and political ideas, was once thought to be a French-focused intellectual movement inspired by the natural sciences \u2013 and centred upon a group of philosophers, some of whom were associated with the great multi-volume Encyclop\u00e9die<\/i> (1751\u201372). French philosophes<\/i> such as Diderot strove to apply the methods of the sciences to history and other aspects of human affairs, and some of their work was characterised by religious scepticism and sympathy for political reforms. In recent decades, the importance of distinctive national enlightenments, including English and Scottish movements, has been emphasised.1<\/sup> Scholars have also explored through the concept of \u2018Industrial Enlightenment\u20192<\/sup> the interface between the Enlightenment and the Industrial, Agricultural and Scientific Revolutions, and have broadened the scope of the British Enlightenment to encompass all aspects of thought and culture, including the sciences, the fine and mechanical arts, religion, literature and music.3<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n <\/span><\/p>\nTaking advantage of this broader definition of the Enlightenment, and utilising rich museum and archive collections, studies of the Valley have moved from focusing upon the origins and impact of the Industrial Revolution towards exploring the interactions between industry, the arts and sciences. The proliferation of printed material and novel ideas, new forms of sociability and opportunities for travel facilitated by improved communications, fostered philosophical networks and created new audiences for the sciences and Enlightenment ideas which require more investigation.4<\/sup> Distinctive urban and rural dimensions of Enlightenment cultures also merit greater analysis, including aspects of sociability promoted by the urban renaissance5<\/sup> and town government, institutions and associations. We need to enhance our understanding of how the intellectual excitement of the Enlightenment impacted upon the region as the sciences revealed an expanding cosmos, microscopes revealed countless smaller worlds and miners and engineers exposed mysterious subterranean realms. The work of Wright6<\/sup> and Darwin7<\/sup> has been relatively well studied, but more analysis is needed of the nature of scientific activity and its regional impact, including how experiences of local topography, geology and natural history inspired (and were shaped by) the sciences, literature and artistic representation. This should include further studies of those inspired by the Valley, including writers, natural philosophers, mineral collectors, mechanics, artists and craftsmen, and consideration of the extent to which women, the working classes and young people were captivated by this intellectual effervescence.<\/span><\/p>\nPaul Elliott and George Revill<\/p>\n
![\"Painting](\"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/dvmwhs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2021\/12\/SO_3A_Fig-4-14_Whitehurst-236x300.jpg\")
<\/p>\n
Fig. 4.14 Clockmaker and engineer John Whitehurst (1713\u201388) was inspired by lead mining, natural theology and Newtonian mechanics to explore the geology of Derbyshire (by Joseph Wright; \u00a9 Derby Museums Trust)<\/span><\/i><\/p>\nReferences<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n1 <\/span><\/sup>Elliott, P A 2010 Enlightenment, Modernity and Science: Geographies of Scientific Culture and Improvement in Georgian England<\/i>. London: Tauris; Porter, R 2000 Enlightenment: Britain and the Creation of the Modern World<\/i>. <\/span>London: Allen Lane;<\/span> Porter, R and Teich, M (eds) 1981 The Enlightenment in National Context<\/i>. Cambridge: CUP<\/span><\/p>\n2 <\/span><\/sup>Jones, P M 2008 Industrial Enlightenment: Science, Technology and Culture in Birmingham and the West Midlands. <\/i>Manchester: MUP<\/span><\/p>\n3 <\/span><\/sup>Fox, C 2009 The Arts of Industry in the Age of Enlightenment<\/i>. New Haven<\/span>: YUP; <\/span>Brewer, J 2002 The Pleasures of the Imagination: English Culture in the 18th Century<\/i>. London: Harper Perennial; <\/span><\/p>\n4 <\/span><\/sup>Elliott, P A 2009 The Derby Philosophers: Science and Culture in British Urban Society<\/i>. Manchester: MUP; Schofield, R E 1963 The Lunar Society of Birmingham<\/i>. <\/span>Oxford: Clarendon Press; <\/span>Uglow, J 2002 The Lunar Men: The Friends who made the Future. <\/i>London: Faber<\/span><\/p>\n5 <\/span><\/sup>Borsay, P 1991 The English Urban Renaissance. <\/i>Oxford: Clarendon Press<\/span><\/p>\n6 <\/span><\/sup>Daniels, S 1999 Joseph Wright.<\/i> London: Tate Gallery; Nicolson, B 1969 Joseph Wright: Painter of Light<\/i>. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul<\/span><\/p>\n7 <\/span><\/sup>King-Hele, D 1999 Erasmus Darwin: A Life of Unequalled Achievement<\/i>. London: G de la Mare<\/span><\/p><\/span>Status: <\/h5>Active <\/span>Found in the following Frameworks: <\/h5>Derwent Valley Mills World Heritage Site<\/a> <\/span>Categories: <\/h5>Derbyshire<\/a>, <\/span>Interpretation<\/a>, <\/span>Enlightenment (18th-century western movement)<\/a>, <\/span>World heritage site<\/a> <\/span><\/div><\/details><\/div><\/div>3B: Assess the impact of the Industrial Enlightenment upon the development of science, industry, technology and the mechanical arts and skills in the Derwent Valley. <\/h3>More information on this strategy <\/summary>URI: <\/h5>https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/dvmwhs\/researchframework\/v1\/strategy\/strategy-61c3286415f0e<\/a><\/span>Linked Question(s): <\/h5>3.6 – How was the Derwent Valley depicted in the paintings of artists such as Joseph Wright and in other material culture of the Enlightenment?<\/a>More information: <\/h5>The \u2018Industrial Enlightenment\u20191<\/sup> prefigures the close relationships between industry, science and technology that characterise the Industrial Revolution,2<\/sup> but debate continues about the nature of these relationships and the extent to which the \u2018Scientific Revolution\u2019 fostered industrialisation. During the 1950s and 1960s, various scholars argued that the sciences had spurred industrialisation through, for example, the activities of the Lunar Society.3<\/sup> Less work was done on the Derwent Valley, but Robinson believed that the Derby Philosophical Society had served to promote industrial development.4<\/sup> Historians have emphasised how the Newtonian sciences were celebrated as a public cultural activity and informed practical mechanics,5<\/sup> whilst Mokyr6<\/sup> has emphasised the significance of the \u2018knowledge economy\u2019 in which the knowledge and technological innovation brought by natural philosophers fostered industrial growth.<\/span><\/p>\n <\/span><\/p>\nSome aspects of Derwent Valley industrialisation demonstrate links between science, technology and industrial innovation and support the idea of a preceding \u2018Industrial Enlightenment\u2019. It would be particularly useful, therefore, to explore the scientific and technological activities and interests of industrialists, entrepreneurs and the labouring population. Whilst the activities of the Strutts and Arkwrights are well known,7<\/sup> and Wright\u2019s \u2018scientific\u2019 candlelight paintings are familiar,8<\/sup> the role of such representations of science and industry in promoting the sciences, mechanical ingenuity and industrial innovation merits more enquiry. Further investigation of the membership and activities of scientific associations would also help, including Derby\u2019s Philosophical Society and Mechanics\u2019 Institute.9<\/sup> Other subjects for study include the kinds of scientific books which were circulated, the role of newspapers and opportunities for scientific education, including the location, content and frequency of scientific lectures and their audiences. The claims for interaction between the sciences, practical mechanics and industry are supported by the activities of individuals such as John Whitehurst and the more shadowy George Sorocold, but further studies are recommended of lesser known mechanics, surveyors, cartographers and engineers. The impact of lead mining upon geological understanding and upon improving cartographic standards also requires more analysis, including studies of miners and mechanics as well as entrepreneurs, mineral collectors, geologists and map-makers.10<\/sup> Finally, new and unexpected connections between the sciences and industry might be unearthed by further studies of natural history, agriculture, horticulture, meteorology and the earth sciences, with a focus upon those who actively participated and their audiences.<\/span><\/p>\nPaul Elliott and Robin Holgate<\/p>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/dvmwhs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2021\/12\/SO_3B_Fig-4.15_Orrery.tif\")
![\"Image](\"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/dvmwhs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2021\/12\/3B-fig-4.15-267x300.jpg\")
<\/p>\n
Fig. 4.15 Detail of Joseph Wright\u2019s \u2018Orrery\u2019, showing a philosopher explaining the workings of the solar system to a group of rapt young listeners (\u00a9 Derby Museums Trust)<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/p>\nReferences<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n1 <\/span><\/sup>Jones, P 2008 Industrial Enlightenment: Science, Technology and Culture in Birmingham and the West Midlands<\/i>. Manchester: MUP<\/span><\/p>\n2 <\/span><\/sup>Fox, C 2009 The Arts of Industry in the Age of Enlightenment<\/i>. New Haven: YUP; Porter, R 2000 Enlightenment: Britain and the Creation of the Modern World<\/i>. London: Allen Lane; Trinder, B 2013 Britain\u2019s Industrial Revolution<\/i>. Lancaster: Carnegie<\/span><\/p>\n3 <\/span><\/sup>Schofield, R E 1963 The Lunar Society of Birmingham<\/i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press; Uglow, J 2002 The Lunar Men: The Friends who made the Future.<\/i> London: Faber<\/span><\/p>\n4 <\/span><\/sup>Musson, A and Robinson, E 1969 Science and Technology in the Industrial Revolution<\/i>. Manchester: MUP<\/span><\/p>\n5 <\/span><\/sup>Jacob, M 1988 The Cultural Meaning of the Scientific Revolution<\/i>. New York: Knopf<\/span><\/p>\n6 <\/span><\/sup>Mokyr, J 2002 The Gifts of Athena. <\/i>Princeton: Princeton University Press<\/span><\/p>\n7 <\/span><\/sup>Fitton, R S and Wadsworth, A P 1958 The Strutts and Arkwrights. <\/i>Manchester: MUP<\/span><\/p>\n8 <\/span><\/sup>Daniels, S 1999 Joseph Wright.<\/i> London: Tate Gallery; <\/span><\/span><\/p>\nNicolson, B 1969 Joseph Wright: Painter of Light<\/i>. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul<\/span><\/p>\n9 <\/span><\/sup>Elliott, P A 2009 The Derby Philosophers: Science and Culture in British Urban Society<\/i>. Manchester: MUP <\/span><\/p>\n10 <\/span><\/sup>Fox 2009, 74\u20136<\/span><\/p><\/span>Status: <\/h5>Active <\/span>Found in the following Frameworks: <\/h5>Derwent Valley Mills World Heritage Site<\/a> <\/span>Categories: <\/h5>Industrial<\/a>, <\/span>Documentary research<\/a>, <\/span>Book<\/a>, <\/span>Documentary archive research<\/a>, <\/span>Derbyshire<\/a>, <\/span>Documentary evidence<\/a>, <\/span>Art<\/a>, <\/span>Enlightenment (18th-century western movement)<\/a>, <\/span>World heritage site<\/a> <\/span><\/div><\/details><\/div><\/div>3C: Examine the factors underlying the development of tourism during the 18th century and assess the impact upon the Valley of the associated consumer culture <\/h3>More information on this strategy <\/summary>URI: <\/h5>https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/dvmwhs\/researchframework\/v1\/strategy\/strategy-61c335484047b<\/a><\/span>Linked Question(s): <\/h5>3.10 – How did Enlightenment cultures of water shape life and landscapes in the Derwent Valley (for example, by the development of spas and hydropathy)?<\/a>More information: <\/h5>18th century visitors to the Derwent Valley were initially attracted by the opportunity to take the waters at Matlock Bath and to absorb the sublime and picturesque landscapes celebrated by artists such as Thomas Smith and Joseph Wright1<\/sup> and praised in the poetry of Anna Seward and Erasmus Darwin.2 <\/sup>The mills and their weirs provided additional attractions, drawing tourists ever since the opening of Lombe\u2019s Silk Mill in 1721. By the 1730s, intrepid travellers braving the poor valley roads3<\/sup> would have found at Matlock lodging houses and stabling associated with the improved Old Bath and, in contrast to the colder Buxton spa with its thermal waters, a temperate climate and water. Early travellers would have relied upon Defoe\u2019s Tour through the Whole Island of Great Britain<\/i> (1724\u20136) as a companion, but by 1818 a contributor to the Monthly Magazine<\/i>4 <\/sup>observed that \u2018no county has been more frequently traversed by the curious and inquisitive, or more fully and minutely described\u2019 than Derbyshire. By then, travellers would have been enticed by a wealth of literature, which by the mid-19th century included classic works by Rev. James Pilkington, Ebenezer Rhodes, Rev. Richard Ward and William Adam.5<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n <\/span><\/p>\nWhilst this background is generally understood, further documentary research is required into certain aspects of Derwent Valley tourism prior to the coming of the railways.6<\/sup> We need to know more about the kind of people who came and why? Where did they come from and how often? Where did they stay and what itineraries did they follow? How did this affect their lives and the lives of the Valley\u2019s residents? We need better understanding of the development of tourist industries.7<\/sup> How important was taking the waters, for instance, compared to appreciation of the scenery or curiosity about industrial landscapes? What were the impacts of changes in material culture and patterns of consumption?8<\/sup> With disposable income, tourists were keen to purchase mementoes such as mineral specimens, Derby porcelain or Ashford black marble, which mineralogists such as White Watson of Bakewell and John Mawe of Matlock adroitly exploited. How did local people respond to the increasing footfall? While Matlock Bath was soon busy with hotels, lodging houses and museums, did other parts of the Valley benefit? Finally, drawing upon sources such as King\u2019s Topographical Collection,9<\/sup> how did 18th century tourism here compare with rival destinations, such as the Wye Valley, Snowdonia, the Highlands or the Lake District?10<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\nRos Westwood and Paul Elliott<\/p>\n
More information on this strategy <\/summary>URI: <\/h5>https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/dvmwhs\/researchframework\/v1\/strategy\/strategy-61c322b1df505<\/a><\/span>Linked Question(s): <\/h5>3.10 – How did Enlightenment cultures of water shape life and landscapes in the Derwent Valley (for example, by the development of spas and hydropathy)?<\/a>More information: <\/h5>The Enlightenment, with its emphasis upon reason and individualism and rejection of traditional social, religious and political ideas, was once thought to be a French-focused intellectual movement inspired by the natural sciences \u2013 and centred upon a group of philosophers, some of whom were associated with the great multi-volume Encyclop\u00e9die<\/i> (1751\u201372). French philosophes<\/i> such as Diderot strove to apply the methods of the sciences to history and other aspects of human affairs, and some of their work was characterised by religious scepticism and sympathy for political reforms. In recent decades, the importance of distinctive national enlightenments, including English and Scottish movements, has been emphasised.1<\/sup> Scholars have also explored through the concept of \u2018Industrial Enlightenment\u20192<\/sup> the interface between the Enlightenment and the Industrial, Agricultural and Scientific Revolutions, and have broadened the scope of the British Enlightenment to encompass all aspects of thought and culture, including the sciences, the fine and mechanical arts, religion, literature and music.3<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n <\/span><\/p>\nTaking advantage of this broader definition of the Enlightenment, and utilising rich museum and archive collections, studies of the Valley have moved from focusing upon the origins and impact of the Industrial Revolution towards exploring the interactions between industry, the arts and sciences. The proliferation of printed material and novel ideas, new forms of sociability and opportunities for travel facilitated by improved communications, fostered philosophical networks and created new audiences for the sciences and Enlightenment ideas which require more investigation.4<\/sup> Distinctive urban and rural dimensions of Enlightenment cultures also merit greater analysis, including aspects of sociability promoted by the urban renaissance5<\/sup> and town government, institutions and associations. We need to enhance our understanding of how the intellectual excitement of the Enlightenment impacted upon the region as the sciences revealed an expanding cosmos, microscopes revealed countless smaller worlds and miners and engineers exposed mysterious subterranean realms. The work of Wright6<\/sup> and Darwin7<\/sup> has been relatively well studied, but more analysis is needed of the nature of scientific activity and its regional impact, including how experiences of local topography, geology and natural history inspired (and were shaped by) the sciences, literature and artistic representation. This should include further studies of those inspired by the Valley, including writers, natural philosophers, mineral collectors, mechanics, artists and craftsmen, and consideration of the extent to which women, the working classes and young people were captivated by this intellectual effervescence.<\/span><\/p>\nPaul Elliott and George Revill<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Fig. 4.14 Clockmaker and engineer John Whitehurst (1713\u201388) was inspired by lead mining, natural theology and Newtonian mechanics to explore the geology of Derbyshire (by Joseph Wright; \u00a9 Derby Museums Trust)<\/span><\/i><\/p>\nReferences<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n1 <\/span><\/sup>Elliott, P A 2010 Enlightenment, Modernity and Science: Geographies of Scientific Culture and Improvement in Georgian England<\/i>. London: Tauris; Porter, R 2000 Enlightenment: Britain and the Creation of the Modern World<\/i>. <\/span>London: Allen Lane;<\/span> Porter, R and Teich, M (eds) 1981 The Enlightenment in National Context<\/i>. Cambridge: CUP<\/span><\/p>\n2 <\/span><\/sup>Jones, P M 2008 Industrial Enlightenment: Science, Technology and Culture in Birmingham and the West Midlands. <\/i>Manchester: MUP<\/span><\/p>\n3 <\/span><\/sup>Fox, C 2009 The Arts of Industry in the Age of Enlightenment<\/i>. New Haven<\/span>: YUP; <\/span>Brewer, J 2002 The Pleasures of the Imagination: English Culture in the 18th Century<\/i>. London: Harper Perennial; <\/span><\/p>\n4 <\/span><\/sup>Elliott, P A 2009 The Derby Philosophers: Science and Culture in British Urban Society<\/i>. Manchester: MUP; Schofield, R E 1963 The Lunar Society of Birmingham<\/i>. <\/span>Oxford: Clarendon Press; <\/span>Uglow, J 2002 The Lunar Men: The Friends who made the Future. <\/i>London: Faber<\/span><\/p>\n5 <\/span><\/sup>Borsay, P 1991 The English Urban Renaissance. <\/i>Oxford: Clarendon Press<\/span><\/p>\n6 <\/span><\/sup>Daniels, S 1999 Joseph Wright.<\/i> London: Tate Gallery; Nicolson, B 1969 Joseph Wright: Painter of Light<\/i>. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul<\/span><\/p>\n7 <\/span><\/sup>King-Hele, D 1999 Erasmus Darwin: A Life of Unequalled Achievement<\/i>. London: G de la Mare<\/span><\/p><\/span>Status: <\/h5>Active <\/span>Found in the following Frameworks: <\/h5>Derwent Valley Mills World Heritage Site<\/a> <\/span>Categories: <\/h5>Derbyshire<\/a>, <\/span>Interpretation<\/a>, <\/span>Enlightenment (18th-century western movement)<\/a>, <\/span>World heritage site<\/a> <\/span><\/div><\/details><\/div><\/div>3B: Assess the impact of the Industrial Enlightenment upon the development of science, industry, technology and the mechanical arts and skills in the Derwent Valley. <\/h3>More information on this strategy <\/summary>URI: <\/h5>https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/dvmwhs\/researchframework\/v1\/strategy\/strategy-61c3286415f0e<\/a><\/span>Linked Question(s): <\/h5>3.6 – How was the Derwent Valley depicted in the paintings of artists such as Joseph Wright and in other material culture of the Enlightenment?<\/a>More information: <\/h5>The \u2018Industrial Enlightenment\u20191<\/sup> prefigures the close relationships between industry, science and technology that characterise the Industrial Revolution,2<\/sup> but debate continues about the nature of these relationships and the extent to which the \u2018Scientific Revolution\u2019 fostered industrialisation. During the 1950s and 1960s, various scholars argued that the sciences had spurred industrialisation through, for example, the activities of the Lunar Society.3<\/sup> Less work was done on the Derwent Valley, but Robinson believed that the Derby Philosophical Society had served to promote industrial development.4<\/sup> Historians have emphasised how the Newtonian sciences were celebrated as a public cultural activity and informed practical mechanics,5<\/sup> whilst Mokyr6<\/sup> has emphasised the significance of the \u2018knowledge economy\u2019 in which the knowledge and technological innovation brought by natural philosophers fostered industrial growth.<\/span><\/p>\n <\/span><\/p>\nSome aspects of Derwent Valley industrialisation demonstrate links between science, technology and industrial innovation and support the idea of a preceding \u2018Industrial Enlightenment\u2019. It would be particularly useful, therefore, to explore the scientific and technological activities and interests of industrialists, entrepreneurs and the labouring population. Whilst the activities of the Strutts and Arkwrights are well known,7<\/sup> and Wright\u2019s \u2018scientific\u2019 candlelight paintings are familiar,8<\/sup> the role of such representations of science and industry in promoting the sciences, mechanical ingenuity and industrial innovation merits more enquiry. Further investigation of the membership and activities of scientific associations would also help, including Derby\u2019s Philosophical Society and Mechanics\u2019 Institute.9<\/sup> Other subjects for study include the kinds of scientific books which were circulated, the role of newspapers and opportunities for scientific education, including the location, content and frequency of scientific lectures and their audiences. The claims for interaction between the sciences, practical mechanics and industry are supported by the activities of individuals such as John Whitehurst and the more shadowy George Sorocold, but further studies are recommended of lesser known mechanics, surveyors, cartographers and engineers. The impact of lead mining upon geological understanding and upon improving cartographic standards also requires more analysis, including studies of miners and mechanics as well as entrepreneurs, mineral collectors, geologists and map-makers.10<\/sup> Finally, new and unexpected connections between the sciences and industry might be unearthed by further studies of natural history, agriculture, horticulture, meteorology and the earth sciences, with a focus upon those who actively participated and their audiences.<\/span><\/p>\nPaul Elliott and Robin Holgate<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Fig. 4.15 Detail of Joseph Wright\u2019s \u2018Orrery\u2019, showing a philosopher explaining the workings of the solar system to a group of rapt young listeners (\u00a9 Derby Museums Trust)<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/p>\nReferences<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n1 <\/span><\/sup>Jones, P 2008 Industrial Enlightenment: Science, Technology and Culture in Birmingham and the West Midlands<\/i>. Manchester: MUP<\/span><\/p>\n2 <\/span><\/sup>Fox, C 2009 The Arts of Industry in the Age of Enlightenment<\/i>. New Haven: YUP; Porter, R 2000 Enlightenment: Britain and the Creation of the Modern World<\/i>. London: Allen Lane; Trinder, B 2013 Britain\u2019s Industrial Revolution<\/i>. Lancaster: Carnegie<\/span><\/p>\n3 <\/span><\/sup>Schofield, R E 1963 The Lunar Society of Birmingham<\/i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press; Uglow, J 2002 The Lunar Men: The Friends who made the Future.<\/i> London: Faber<\/span><\/p>\n4 <\/span><\/sup>Musson, A and Robinson, E 1969 Science and Technology in the Industrial Revolution<\/i>. Manchester: MUP<\/span><\/p>\n5 <\/span><\/sup>Jacob, M 1988 The Cultural Meaning of the Scientific Revolution<\/i>. New York: Knopf<\/span><\/p>\n6 <\/span><\/sup>Mokyr, J 2002 The Gifts of Athena. <\/i>Princeton: Princeton University Press<\/span><\/p>\n7 <\/span><\/sup>Fitton, R S and Wadsworth, A P 1958 The Strutts and Arkwrights. <\/i>Manchester: MUP<\/span><\/p>\n8 <\/span><\/sup>Daniels, S 1999 Joseph Wright.<\/i> London: Tate Gallery; <\/span><\/span><\/p>\nNicolson, B 1969 Joseph Wright: Painter of Light<\/i>. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul<\/span><\/p>\n9 <\/span><\/sup>Elliott, P A 2009 The Derby Philosophers: Science and Culture in British Urban Society<\/i>. Manchester: MUP <\/span><\/p>\n10 <\/span><\/sup>Fox 2009, 74\u20136<\/span><\/p><\/span>Status: <\/h5>Active <\/span>Found in the following Frameworks: <\/h5>Derwent Valley Mills World Heritage Site<\/a> <\/span>Categories: <\/h5>Industrial<\/a>, <\/span>Documentary research<\/a>, <\/span>Book<\/a>, <\/span>Documentary archive research<\/a>, <\/span>Derbyshire<\/a>, <\/span>Documentary evidence<\/a>, <\/span>Art<\/a>, <\/span>Enlightenment (18th-century western movement)<\/a>, <\/span>World heritage site<\/a> <\/span><\/div><\/details><\/div><\/div>3C: Examine the factors underlying the development of tourism during the 18th century and assess the impact upon the Valley of the associated consumer culture <\/h3>More information on this strategy <\/summary>URI: <\/h5>https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/dvmwhs\/researchframework\/v1\/strategy\/strategy-61c335484047b<\/a><\/span>Linked Question(s): <\/h5>3.10 – How did Enlightenment cultures of water shape life and landscapes in the Derwent Valley (for example, by the development of spas and hydropathy)?<\/a>More information: <\/h5>18th century visitors to the Derwent Valley were initially attracted by the opportunity to take the waters at Matlock Bath and to absorb the sublime and picturesque landscapes celebrated by artists such as Thomas Smith and Joseph Wright1<\/sup> and praised in the poetry of Anna Seward and Erasmus Darwin.2 <\/sup>The mills and their weirs provided additional attractions, drawing tourists ever since the opening of Lombe\u2019s Silk Mill in 1721. By the 1730s, intrepid travellers braving the poor valley roads3<\/sup> would have found at Matlock lodging houses and stabling associated with the improved Old Bath and, in contrast to the colder Buxton spa with its thermal waters, a temperate climate and water. Early travellers would have relied upon Defoe\u2019s Tour through the Whole Island of Great Britain<\/i> (1724\u20136) as a companion, but by 1818 a contributor to the Monthly Magazine<\/i>4 <\/sup>observed that \u2018no county has been more frequently traversed by the curious and inquisitive, or more fully and minutely described\u2019 than Derbyshire. By then, travellers would have been enticed by a wealth of literature, which by the mid-19th century included classic works by Rev. James Pilkington, Ebenezer Rhodes, Rev. Richard Ward and William Adam.5<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n <\/span><\/p>\nWhilst this background is generally understood, further documentary research is required into certain aspects of Derwent Valley tourism prior to the coming of the railways.6<\/sup> We need to know more about the kind of people who came and why? Where did they come from and how often? Where did they stay and what itineraries did they follow? How did this affect their lives and the lives of the Valley\u2019s residents? We need better understanding of the development of tourist industries.7<\/sup> How important was taking the waters, for instance, compared to appreciation of the scenery or curiosity about industrial landscapes? What were the impacts of changes in material culture and patterns of consumption?8<\/sup> With disposable income, tourists were keen to purchase mementoes such as mineral specimens, Derby porcelain or Ashford black marble, which mineralogists such as White Watson of Bakewell and John Mawe of Matlock adroitly exploited. How did local people respond to the increasing footfall? While Matlock Bath was soon busy with hotels, lodging houses and museums, did other parts of the Valley benefit? Finally, drawing upon sources such as King\u2019s Topographical Collection,9<\/sup> how did 18th century tourism here compare with rival destinations, such as the Wye Valley, Snowdonia, the Highlands or the Lake District?10<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\nRos Westwood and Paul Elliott<\/p>\n
URI: <\/h5>https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/dvmwhs\/researchframework\/v1\/strategy\/strategy-61c322b1df505<\/a><\/span>Linked Question(s): <\/h5>3.10 – How did Enlightenment cultures of water shape life and landscapes in the Derwent Valley (for example, by the development of spas and hydropathy)?<\/a>More information: <\/h5>The Enlightenment, with its emphasis upon reason and individualism and rejection of traditional social, religious and political ideas, was once thought to be a French-focused intellectual movement inspired by the natural sciences \u2013 and centred upon a group of philosophers, some of whom were associated with the great multi-volume Encyclop\u00e9die<\/i> (1751\u201372). French philosophes<\/i> such as Diderot strove to apply the methods of the sciences to history and other aspects of human affairs, and some of their work was characterised by religious scepticism and sympathy for political reforms. In recent decades, the importance of distinctive national enlightenments, including English and Scottish movements, has been emphasised.1<\/sup> Scholars have also explored through the concept of \u2018Industrial Enlightenment\u20192<\/sup> the interface between the Enlightenment and the Industrial, Agricultural and Scientific Revolutions, and have broadened the scope of the British Enlightenment to encompass all aspects of thought and culture, including the sciences, the fine and mechanical arts, religion, literature and music.3<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n <\/span><\/p>\nTaking advantage of this broader definition of the Enlightenment, and utilising rich museum and archive collections, studies of the Valley have moved from focusing upon the origins and impact of the Industrial Revolution towards exploring the interactions between industry, the arts and sciences. The proliferation of printed material and novel ideas, new forms of sociability and opportunities for travel facilitated by improved communications, fostered philosophical networks and created new audiences for the sciences and Enlightenment ideas which require more investigation.4<\/sup> Distinctive urban and rural dimensions of Enlightenment cultures also merit greater analysis, including aspects of sociability promoted by the urban renaissance5<\/sup> and town government, institutions and associations. We need to enhance our understanding of how the intellectual excitement of the Enlightenment impacted upon the region as the sciences revealed an expanding cosmos, microscopes revealed countless smaller worlds and miners and engineers exposed mysterious subterranean realms. The work of Wright6<\/sup> and Darwin7<\/sup> has been relatively well studied, but more analysis is needed of the nature of scientific activity and its regional impact, including how experiences of local topography, geology and natural history inspired (and were shaped by) the sciences, literature and artistic representation. This should include further studies of those inspired by the Valley, including writers, natural philosophers, mineral collectors, mechanics, artists and craftsmen, and consideration of the extent to which women, the working classes and young people were captivated by this intellectual effervescence.<\/span><\/p>\nPaul Elliott and George Revill<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Fig. 4.14 Clockmaker and engineer John Whitehurst (1713\u201388) was inspired by lead mining, natural theology and Newtonian mechanics to explore the geology of Derbyshire (by Joseph Wright; \u00a9 Derby Museums Trust)<\/span><\/i><\/p>\nReferences<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n1 <\/span><\/sup>Elliott, P A 2010 Enlightenment, Modernity and Science: Geographies of Scientific Culture and Improvement in Georgian England<\/i>. London: Tauris; Porter, R 2000 Enlightenment: Britain and the Creation of the Modern World<\/i>. <\/span>London: Allen Lane;<\/span> Porter, R and Teich, M (eds) 1981 The Enlightenment in National Context<\/i>. Cambridge: CUP<\/span><\/p>\n2 <\/span><\/sup>Jones, P M 2008 Industrial Enlightenment: Science, Technology and Culture in Birmingham and the West Midlands. <\/i>Manchester: MUP<\/span><\/p>\n3 <\/span><\/sup>Fox, C 2009 The Arts of Industry in the Age of Enlightenment<\/i>. New Haven<\/span>: YUP; <\/span>Brewer, J 2002 The Pleasures of the Imagination: English Culture in the 18th Century<\/i>. London: Harper Perennial; <\/span><\/p>\n4 <\/span><\/sup>Elliott, P A 2009 The Derby Philosophers: Science and Culture in British Urban Society<\/i>. Manchester: MUP; Schofield, R E 1963 The Lunar Society of Birmingham<\/i>. <\/span>Oxford: Clarendon Press; <\/span>Uglow, J 2002 The Lunar Men: The Friends who made the Future. <\/i>London: Faber<\/span><\/p>\n5 <\/span><\/sup>Borsay, P 1991 The English Urban Renaissance. <\/i>Oxford: Clarendon Press<\/span><\/p>\n6 <\/span><\/sup>Daniels, S 1999 Joseph Wright.<\/i> London: Tate Gallery; Nicolson, B 1969 Joseph Wright: Painter of Light<\/i>. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul<\/span><\/p>\n7 <\/span><\/sup>King-Hele, D 1999 Erasmus Darwin: A Life of Unequalled Achievement<\/i>. London: G de la Mare<\/span><\/p><\/span>Status: <\/h5>Active <\/span>Found in the following Frameworks: <\/h5>Derwent Valley Mills World Heritage Site<\/a> <\/span>Categories: <\/h5>Derbyshire<\/a>, <\/span>Interpretation<\/a>, <\/span>Enlightenment (18th-century western movement)<\/a>, <\/span>World heritage site<\/a> <\/span><\/div><\/details><\/div><\/div>3B: Assess the impact of the Industrial Enlightenment upon the development of science, industry, technology and the mechanical arts and skills in the Derwent Valley. <\/h3>More information on this strategy <\/summary>URI: <\/h5>https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/dvmwhs\/researchframework\/v1\/strategy\/strategy-61c3286415f0e<\/a><\/span>Linked Question(s): <\/h5>3.6 – How was the Derwent Valley depicted in the paintings of artists such as Joseph Wright and in other material culture of the Enlightenment?<\/a>More information: <\/h5>The \u2018Industrial Enlightenment\u20191<\/sup> prefigures the close relationships between industry, science and technology that characterise the Industrial Revolution,2<\/sup> but debate continues about the nature of these relationships and the extent to which the \u2018Scientific Revolution\u2019 fostered industrialisation. During the 1950s and 1960s, various scholars argued that the sciences had spurred industrialisation through, for example, the activities of the Lunar Society.3<\/sup> Less work was done on the Derwent Valley, but Robinson believed that the Derby Philosophical Society had served to promote industrial development.4<\/sup> Historians have emphasised how the Newtonian sciences were celebrated as a public cultural activity and informed practical mechanics,5<\/sup> whilst Mokyr6<\/sup> has emphasised the significance of the \u2018knowledge economy\u2019 in which the knowledge and technological innovation brought by natural philosophers fostered industrial growth.<\/span><\/p>\n <\/span><\/p>\nSome aspects of Derwent Valley industrialisation demonstrate links between science, technology and industrial innovation and support the idea of a preceding \u2018Industrial Enlightenment\u2019. It would be particularly useful, therefore, to explore the scientific and technological activities and interests of industrialists, entrepreneurs and the labouring population. Whilst the activities of the Strutts and Arkwrights are well known,7<\/sup> and Wright\u2019s \u2018scientific\u2019 candlelight paintings are familiar,8<\/sup> the role of such representations of science and industry in promoting the sciences, mechanical ingenuity and industrial innovation merits more enquiry. Further investigation of the membership and activities of scientific associations would also help, including Derby\u2019s Philosophical Society and Mechanics\u2019 Institute.9<\/sup> Other subjects for study include the kinds of scientific books which were circulated, the role of newspapers and opportunities for scientific education, including the location, content and frequency of scientific lectures and their audiences. The claims for interaction between the sciences, practical mechanics and industry are supported by the activities of individuals such as John Whitehurst and the more shadowy George Sorocold, but further studies are recommended of lesser known mechanics, surveyors, cartographers and engineers. The impact of lead mining upon geological understanding and upon improving cartographic standards also requires more analysis, including studies of miners and mechanics as well as entrepreneurs, mineral collectors, geologists and map-makers.10<\/sup> Finally, new and unexpected connections between the sciences and industry might be unearthed by further studies of natural history, agriculture, horticulture, meteorology and the earth sciences, with a focus upon those who actively participated and their audiences.<\/span><\/p>\nPaul Elliott and Robin Holgate<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Fig. 4.15 Detail of Joseph Wright\u2019s \u2018Orrery\u2019, showing a philosopher explaining the workings of the solar system to a group of rapt young listeners (\u00a9 Derby Museums Trust)<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/p>\nReferences<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n1 <\/span><\/sup>Jones, P 2008 Industrial Enlightenment: Science, Technology and Culture in Birmingham and the West Midlands<\/i>. Manchester: MUP<\/span><\/p>\n2 <\/span><\/sup>Fox, C 2009 The Arts of Industry in the Age of Enlightenment<\/i>. New Haven: YUP; Porter, R 2000 Enlightenment: Britain and the Creation of the Modern World<\/i>. London: Allen Lane; Trinder, B 2013 Britain\u2019s Industrial Revolution<\/i>. Lancaster: Carnegie<\/span><\/p>\n3 <\/span><\/sup>Schofield, R E 1963 The Lunar Society of Birmingham<\/i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press; Uglow, J 2002 The Lunar Men: The Friends who made the Future.<\/i> London: Faber<\/span><\/p>\n4 <\/span><\/sup>Musson, A and Robinson, E 1969 Science and Technology in the Industrial Revolution<\/i>. Manchester: MUP<\/span><\/p>\n5 <\/span><\/sup>Jacob, M 1988 The Cultural Meaning of the Scientific Revolution<\/i>. New York: Knopf<\/span><\/p>\n6 <\/span><\/sup>Mokyr, J 2002 The Gifts of Athena. <\/i>Princeton: Princeton University Press<\/span><\/p>\n7 <\/span><\/sup>Fitton, R S and Wadsworth, A P 1958 The Strutts and Arkwrights. <\/i>Manchester: MUP<\/span><\/p>\n8 <\/span><\/sup>Daniels, S 1999 Joseph Wright.<\/i> London: Tate Gallery; <\/span><\/span><\/p>\nNicolson, B 1969 Joseph Wright: Painter of Light<\/i>. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul<\/span><\/p>\n9 <\/span><\/sup>Elliott, P A 2009 The Derby Philosophers: Science and Culture in British Urban Society<\/i>. Manchester: MUP <\/span><\/p>\n10 <\/span><\/sup>Fox 2009, 74\u20136<\/span><\/p><\/span>Status: <\/h5>Active <\/span>Found in the following Frameworks: <\/h5>Derwent Valley Mills World Heritage Site<\/a> <\/span>Categories: <\/h5>Industrial<\/a>, <\/span>Documentary research<\/a>, <\/span>Book<\/a>, <\/span>Documentary archive research<\/a>, <\/span>Derbyshire<\/a>, <\/span>Documentary evidence<\/a>, <\/span>Art<\/a>, <\/span>Enlightenment (18th-century western movement)<\/a>, <\/span>World heritage site<\/a> <\/span><\/div><\/details><\/div><\/div>3C: Examine the factors underlying the development of tourism during the 18th century and assess the impact upon the Valley of the associated consumer culture <\/h3>More information on this strategy <\/summary>URI: <\/h5>https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/dvmwhs\/researchframework\/v1\/strategy\/strategy-61c335484047b<\/a><\/span>Linked Question(s): <\/h5>3.10 – How did Enlightenment cultures of water shape life and landscapes in the Derwent Valley (for example, by the development of spas and hydropathy)?<\/a>More information: <\/h5>18th century visitors to the Derwent Valley were initially attracted by the opportunity to take the waters at Matlock Bath and to absorb the sublime and picturesque landscapes celebrated by artists such as Thomas Smith and Joseph Wright1<\/sup> and praised in the poetry of Anna Seward and Erasmus Darwin.2 <\/sup>The mills and their weirs provided additional attractions, drawing tourists ever since the opening of Lombe\u2019s Silk Mill in 1721. By the 1730s, intrepid travellers braving the poor valley roads3<\/sup> would have found at Matlock lodging houses and stabling associated with the improved Old Bath and, in contrast to the colder Buxton spa with its thermal waters, a temperate climate and water. Early travellers would have relied upon Defoe\u2019s Tour through the Whole Island of Great Britain<\/i> (1724\u20136) as a companion, but by 1818 a contributor to the Monthly Magazine<\/i>4 <\/sup>observed that \u2018no county has been more frequently traversed by the curious and inquisitive, or more fully and minutely described\u2019 than Derbyshire. By then, travellers would have been enticed by a wealth of literature, which by the mid-19th century included classic works by Rev. James Pilkington, Ebenezer Rhodes, Rev. Richard Ward and William Adam.5<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n <\/span><\/p>\nWhilst this background is generally understood, further documentary research is required into certain aspects of Derwent Valley tourism prior to the coming of the railways.6<\/sup> We need to know more about the kind of people who came and why? Where did they come from and how often? Where did they stay and what itineraries did they follow? How did this affect their lives and the lives of the Valley\u2019s residents? We need better understanding of the development of tourist industries.7<\/sup> How important was taking the waters, for instance, compared to appreciation of the scenery or curiosity about industrial landscapes? What were the impacts of changes in material culture and patterns of consumption?8<\/sup> With disposable income, tourists were keen to purchase mementoes such as mineral specimens, Derby porcelain or Ashford black marble, which mineralogists such as White Watson of Bakewell and John Mawe of Matlock adroitly exploited. How did local people respond to the increasing footfall? While Matlock Bath was soon busy with hotels, lodging houses and museums, did other parts of the Valley benefit? Finally, drawing upon sources such as King\u2019s Topographical Collection,9<\/sup> how did 18th century tourism here compare with rival destinations, such as the Wye Valley, Snowdonia, the Highlands or the Lake District?10<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\nRos Westwood and Paul Elliott<\/p>\n
More information: <\/h5>The Enlightenment, with its emphasis upon reason and individualism and rejection of traditional social, religious and political ideas, was once thought to be a French-focused intellectual movement inspired by the natural sciences \u2013 and centred upon a group of philosophers, some of whom were associated with the great multi-volume Encyclop\u00e9die<\/i> (1751\u201372). French philosophes<\/i> such as Diderot strove to apply the methods of the sciences to history and other aspects of human affairs, and some of their work was characterised by religious scepticism and sympathy for political reforms. In recent decades, the importance of distinctive national enlightenments, including English and Scottish movements, has been emphasised.1<\/sup> Scholars have also explored through the concept of \u2018Industrial Enlightenment\u20192<\/sup> the interface between the Enlightenment and the Industrial, Agricultural and Scientific Revolutions, and have broadened the scope of the British Enlightenment to encompass all aspects of thought and culture, including the sciences, the fine and mechanical arts, religion, literature and music.3<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n <\/span><\/p>\nTaking advantage of this broader definition of the Enlightenment, and utilising rich museum and archive collections, studies of the Valley have moved from focusing upon the origins and impact of the Industrial Revolution towards exploring the interactions between industry, the arts and sciences. The proliferation of printed material and novel ideas, new forms of sociability and opportunities for travel facilitated by improved communications, fostered philosophical networks and created new audiences for the sciences and Enlightenment ideas which require more investigation.4<\/sup> Distinctive urban and rural dimensions of Enlightenment cultures also merit greater analysis, including aspects of sociability promoted by the urban renaissance5<\/sup> and town government, institutions and associations. We need to enhance our understanding of how the intellectual excitement of the Enlightenment impacted upon the region as the sciences revealed an expanding cosmos, microscopes revealed countless smaller worlds and miners and engineers exposed mysterious subterranean realms. The work of Wright6<\/sup> and Darwin7<\/sup> has been relatively well studied, but more analysis is needed of the nature of scientific activity and its regional impact, including how experiences of local topography, geology and natural history inspired (and were shaped by) the sciences, literature and artistic representation. This should include further studies of those inspired by the Valley, including writers, natural philosophers, mineral collectors, mechanics, artists and craftsmen, and consideration of the extent to which women, the working classes and young people were captivated by this intellectual effervescence.<\/span><\/p>\nPaul Elliott and George Revill<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Fig. 4.14 Clockmaker and engineer John Whitehurst (1713\u201388) was inspired by lead mining, natural theology and Newtonian mechanics to explore the geology of Derbyshire (by Joseph Wright; \u00a9 Derby Museums Trust)<\/span><\/i><\/p>\nReferences<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n1 <\/span><\/sup>Elliott, P A 2010 Enlightenment, Modernity and Science: Geographies of Scientific Culture and Improvement in Georgian England<\/i>. London: Tauris; Porter, R 2000 Enlightenment: Britain and the Creation of the Modern World<\/i>. <\/span>London: Allen Lane;<\/span> Porter, R and Teich, M (eds) 1981 The Enlightenment in National Context<\/i>. Cambridge: CUP<\/span><\/p>\n2 <\/span><\/sup>Jones, P M 2008 Industrial Enlightenment: Science, Technology and Culture in Birmingham and the West Midlands. <\/i>Manchester: MUP<\/span><\/p>\n3 <\/span><\/sup>Fox, C 2009 The Arts of Industry in the Age of Enlightenment<\/i>. New Haven<\/span>: YUP; <\/span>Brewer, J 2002 The Pleasures of the Imagination: English Culture in the 18th Century<\/i>. London: Harper Perennial; <\/span><\/p>\n4 <\/span><\/sup>Elliott, P A 2009 The Derby Philosophers: Science and Culture in British Urban Society<\/i>. Manchester: MUP; Schofield, R E 1963 The Lunar Society of Birmingham<\/i>. <\/span>Oxford: Clarendon Press; <\/span>Uglow, J 2002 The Lunar Men: The Friends who made the Future. <\/i>London: Faber<\/span><\/p>\n5 <\/span><\/sup>Borsay, P 1991 The English Urban Renaissance. <\/i>Oxford: Clarendon Press<\/span><\/p>\n6 <\/span><\/sup>Daniels, S 1999 Joseph Wright.<\/i> London: Tate Gallery; Nicolson, B 1969 Joseph Wright: Painter of Light<\/i>. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul<\/span><\/p>\n7 <\/span><\/sup>King-Hele, D 1999 Erasmus Darwin: A Life of Unequalled Achievement<\/i>. London: G de la Mare<\/span><\/p><\/span>Status: <\/h5>Active <\/span>Found in the following Frameworks: <\/h5>Derwent Valley Mills World Heritage Site<\/a> <\/span>Categories: <\/h5>Derbyshire<\/a>, <\/span>Interpretation<\/a>, <\/span>Enlightenment (18th-century western movement)<\/a>, <\/span>World heritage site<\/a> <\/span><\/div><\/details><\/div><\/div>3B: Assess the impact of the Industrial Enlightenment upon the development of science, industry, technology and the mechanical arts and skills in the Derwent Valley. <\/h3>More information on this strategy <\/summary>URI: <\/h5>https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/dvmwhs\/researchframework\/v1\/strategy\/strategy-61c3286415f0e<\/a><\/span>Linked Question(s): <\/h5>3.6 – How was the Derwent Valley depicted in the paintings of artists such as Joseph Wright and in other material culture of the Enlightenment?<\/a>More information: <\/h5>The \u2018Industrial Enlightenment\u20191<\/sup> prefigures the close relationships between industry, science and technology that characterise the Industrial Revolution,2<\/sup> but debate continues about the nature of these relationships and the extent to which the \u2018Scientific Revolution\u2019 fostered industrialisation. During the 1950s and 1960s, various scholars argued that the sciences had spurred industrialisation through, for example, the activities of the Lunar Society.3<\/sup> Less work was done on the Derwent Valley, but Robinson believed that the Derby Philosophical Society had served to promote industrial development.4<\/sup> Historians have emphasised how the Newtonian sciences were celebrated as a public cultural activity and informed practical mechanics,5<\/sup> whilst Mokyr6<\/sup> has emphasised the significance of the \u2018knowledge economy\u2019 in which the knowledge and technological innovation brought by natural philosophers fostered industrial growth.<\/span><\/p>\n <\/span><\/p>\nSome aspects of Derwent Valley industrialisation demonstrate links between science, technology and industrial innovation and support the idea of a preceding \u2018Industrial Enlightenment\u2019. It would be particularly useful, therefore, to explore the scientific and technological activities and interests of industrialists, entrepreneurs and the labouring population. Whilst the activities of the Strutts and Arkwrights are well known,7<\/sup> and Wright\u2019s \u2018scientific\u2019 candlelight paintings are familiar,8<\/sup> the role of such representations of science and industry in promoting the sciences, mechanical ingenuity and industrial innovation merits more enquiry. Further investigation of the membership and activities of scientific associations would also help, including Derby\u2019s Philosophical Society and Mechanics\u2019 Institute.9<\/sup> Other subjects for study include the kinds of scientific books which were circulated, the role of newspapers and opportunities for scientific education, including the location, content and frequency of scientific lectures and their audiences. The claims for interaction between the sciences, practical mechanics and industry are supported by the activities of individuals such as John Whitehurst and the more shadowy George Sorocold, but further studies are recommended of lesser known mechanics, surveyors, cartographers and engineers. The impact of lead mining upon geological understanding and upon improving cartographic standards also requires more analysis, including studies of miners and mechanics as well as entrepreneurs, mineral collectors, geologists and map-makers.10<\/sup> Finally, new and unexpected connections between the sciences and industry might be unearthed by further studies of natural history, agriculture, horticulture, meteorology and the earth sciences, with a focus upon those who actively participated and their audiences.<\/span><\/p>\nPaul Elliott and Robin Holgate<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Fig. 4.15 Detail of Joseph Wright\u2019s \u2018Orrery\u2019, showing a philosopher explaining the workings of the solar system to a group of rapt young listeners (\u00a9 Derby Museums Trust)<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/p>\nReferences<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n1 <\/span><\/sup>Jones, P 2008 Industrial Enlightenment: Science, Technology and Culture in Birmingham and the West Midlands<\/i>. Manchester: MUP<\/span><\/p>\n2 <\/span><\/sup>Fox, C 2009 The Arts of Industry in the Age of Enlightenment<\/i>. New Haven: YUP; Porter, R 2000 Enlightenment: Britain and the Creation of the Modern World<\/i>. London: Allen Lane; Trinder, B 2013 Britain\u2019s Industrial Revolution<\/i>. Lancaster: Carnegie<\/span><\/p>\n3 <\/span><\/sup>Schofield, R E 1963 The Lunar Society of Birmingham<\/i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press; Uglow, J 2002 The Lunar Men: The Friends who made the Future.<\/i> London: Faber<\/span><\/p>\n4 <\/span><\/sup>Musson, A and Robinson, E 1969 Science and Technology in the Industrial Revolution<\/i>. Manchester: MUP<\/span><\/p>\n5 <\/span><\/sup>Jacob, M 1988 The Cultural Meaning of the Scientific Revolution<\/i>. New York: Knopf<\/span><\/p>\n6 <\/span><\/sup>Mokyr, J 2002 The Gifts of Athena. <\/i>Princeton: Princeton University Press<\/span><\/p>\n7 <\/span><\/sup>Fitton, R S and Wadsworth, A P 1958 The Strutts and Arkwrights. <\/i>Manchester: MUP<\/span><\/p>\n8 <\/span><\/sup>Daniels, S 1999 Joseph Wright.<\/i> London: Tate Gallery; <\/span><\/span><\/p>\nNicolson, B 1969 Joseph Wright: Painter of Light<\/i>. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul<\/span><\/p>\n9 <\/span><\/sup>Elliott, P A 2009 The Derby Philosophers: Science and Culture in British Urban Society<\/i>. Manchester: MUP <\/span><\/p>\n10 <\/span><\/sup>Fox 2009, 74\u20136<\/span><\/p><\/span>Status: <\/h5>Active <\/span>Found in the following Frameworks: <\/h5>Derwent Valley Mills World Heritage Site<\/a> <\/span>Categories: <\/h5>Industrial<\/a>, <\/span>Documentary research<\/a>, <\/span>Book<\/a>, <\/span>Documentary archive research<\/a>, <\/span>Derbyshire<\/a>, <\/span>Documentary evidence<\/a>, <\/span>Art<\/a>, <\/span>Enlightenment (18th-century western movement)<\/a>, <\/span>World heritage site<\/a> <\/span><\/div><\/details><\/div><\/div>3C: Examine the factors underlying the development of tourism during the 18th century and assess the impact upon the Valley of the associated consumer culture <\/h3>More information on this strategy <\/summary>URI: <\/h5>https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/dvmwhs\/researchframework\/v1\/strategy\/strategy-61c335484047b<\/a><\/span>Linked Question(s): <\/h5>3.10 – How did Enlightenment cultures of water shape life and landscapes in the Derwent Valley (for example, by the development of spas and hydropathy)?<\/a>More information: <\/h5>18th century visitors to the Derwent Valley were initially attracted by the opportunity to take the waters at Matlock Bath and to absorb the sublime and picturesque landscapes celebrated by artists such as Thomas Smith and Joseph Wright1<\/sup> and praised in the poetry of Anna Seward and Erasmus Darwin.2 <\/sup>The mills and their weirs provided additional attractions, drawing tourists ever since the opening of Lombe\u2019s Silk Mill in 1721. By the 1730s, intrepid travellers braving the poor valley roads3<\/sup> would have found at Matlock lodging houses and stabling associated with the improved Old Bath and, in contrast to the colder Buxton spa with its thermal waters, a temperate climate and water. Early travellers would have relied upon Defoe\u2019s Tour through the Whole Island of Great Britain<\/i> (1724\u20136) as a companion, but by 1818 a contributor to the Monthly Magazine<\/i>4 <\/sup>observed that \u2018no county has been more frequently traversed by the curious and inquisitive, or more fully and minutely described\u2019 than Derbyshire. By then, travellers would have been enticed by a wealth of literature, which by the mid-19th century included classic works by Rev. James Pilkington, Ebenezer Rhodes, Rev. Richard Ward and William Adam.5<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n <\/span><\/p>\nWhilst this background is generally understood, further documentary research is required into certain aspects of Derwent Valley tourism prior to the coming of the railways.6<\/sup> We need to know more about the kind of people who came and why? Where did they come from and how often? Where did they stay and what itineraries did they follow? How did this affect their lives and the lives of the Valley\u2019s residents? We need better understanding of the development of tourist industries.7<\/sup> How important was taking the waters, for instance, compared to appreciation of the scenery or curiosity about industrial landscapes? What were the impacts of changes in material culture and patterns of consumption?8<\/sup> With disposable income, tourists were keen to purchase mementoes such as mineral specimens, Derby porcelain or Ashford black marble, which mineralogists such as White Watson of Bakewell and John Mawe of Matlock adroitly exploited. How did local people respond to the increasing footfall? While Matlock Bath was soon busy with hotels, lodging houses and museums, did other parts of the Valley benefit? Finally, drawing upon sources such as King\u2019s Topographical Collection,9<\/sup> how did 18th century tourism here compare with rival destinations, such as the Wye Valley, Snowdonia, the Highlands or the Lake District?10<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\nRos Westwood and Paul Elliott<\/p>\n
<\/span><\/p>\n Taking advantage of this broader definition of the Enlightenment, and utilising rich museum and archive collections, studies of the Valley have moved from focusing upon the origins and impact of the Industrial Revolution towards exploring the interactions between industry, the arts and sciences. The proliferation of printed material and novel ideas, new forms of sociability and opportunities for travel facilitated by improved communications, fostered philosophical networks and created new audiences for the sciences and Enlightenment ideas which require more investigation.4<\/sup> Distinctive urban and rural dimensions of Enlightenment cultures also merit greater analysis, including aspects of sociability promoted by the urban renaissance5<\/sup> and town government, institutions and associations. We need to enhance our understanding of how the intellectual excitement of the Enlightenment impacted upon the region as the sciences revealed an expanding cosmos, microscopes revealed countless smaller worlds and miners and engineers exposed mysterious subterranean realms. The work of Wright6<\/sup> and Darwin7<\/sup> has been relatively well studied, but more analysis is needed of the nature of scientific activity and its regional impact, including how experiences of local topography, geology and natural history inspired (and were shaped by) the sciences, literature and artistic representation. This should include further studies of those inspired by the Valley, including writers, natural philosophers, mineral collectors, mechanics, artists and craftsmen, and consideration of the extent to which women, the working classes and young people were captivated by this intellectual effervescence.<\/span><\/p>\n Paul Elliott and George Revill<\/p>\n Fig. 4.14 Clockmaker and engineer John Whitehurst (1713\u201388) was inspired by lead mining, natural theology and Newtonian mechanics to explore the geology of Derbyshire (by Joseph Wright; \u00a9 Derby Museums Trust)<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n References<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n 1 <\/span><\/sup>Elliott, P A 2010 Enlightenment, Modernity and Science: Geographies of Scientific Culture and Improvement in Georgian England<\/i>. London: Tauris; Porter, R 2000 Enlightenment: Britain and the Creation of the Modern World<\/i>. <\/span>London: Allen Lane;<\/span> Porter, R and Teich, M (eds) 1981 The Enlightenment in National Context<\/i>. Cambridge: CUP<\/span><\/p>\n 2 <\/span><\/sup>Jones, P M 2008 Industrial Enlightenment: Science, Technology and Culture in Birmingham and the West Midlands. <\/i>Manchester: MUP<\/span><\/p>\n 3 <\/span><\/sup>Fox, C 2009 The Arts of Industry in the Age of Enlightenment<\/i>. New Haven<\/span>: YUP; <\/span>Brewer, J 2002 The Pleasures of the Imagination: English Culture in the 18th Century<\/i>. London: Harper Perennial; <\/span><\/p>\n 4 <\/span><\/sup>Elliott, P A 2009 The Derby Philosophers: Science and Culture in British Urban Society<\/i>. Manchester: MUP; Schofield, R E 1963 The Lunar Society of Birmingham<\/i>. <\/span>Oxford: Clarendon Press; <\/span>Uglow, J 2002 The Lunar Men: The Friends who made the Future. <\/i>London: Faber<\/span><\/p>\n 5 <\/span><\/sup>Borsay, P 1991 The English Urban Renaissance. <\/i>Oxford: Clarendon Press<\/span><\/p>\n 6 <\/span><\/sup>Daniels, S 1999 Joseph Wright.<\/i> London: Tate Gallery; Nicolson, B 1969 Joseph Wright: Painter of Light<\/i>. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul<\/span><\/p>\n 7 <\/span><\/sup>King-Hele, D 1999 Erasmus Darwin: A Life of Unequalled Achievement<\/i>. London: G de la Mare<\/span><\/p><\/span> The \u2018Industrial Enlightenment\u20191<\/sup> prefigures the close relationships between industry, science and technology that characterise the Industrial Revolution,2<\/sup> but debate continues about the nature of these relationships and the extent to which the \u2018Scientific Revolution\u2019 fostered industrialisation. During the 1950s and 1960s, various scholars argued that the sciences had spurred industrialisation through, for example, the activities of the Lunar Society.3<\/sup> Less work was done on the Derwent Valley, but Robinson believed that the Derby Philosophical Society had served to promote industrial development.4<\/sup> Historians have emphasised how the Newtonian sciences were celebrated as a public cultural activity and informed practical mechanics,5<\/sup> whilst Mokyr6<\/sup> has emphasised the significance of the \u2018knowledge economy\u2019 in which the knowledge and technological innovation brought by natural philosophers fostered industrial growth.<\/span><\/p>\n <\/span><\/p>\n Some aspects of Derwent Valley industrialisation demonstrate links between science, technology and industrial innovation and support the idea of a preceding \u2018Industrial Enlightenment\u2019. It would be particularly useful, therefore, to explore the scientific and technological activities and interests of industrialists, entrepreneurs and the labouring population. Whilst the activities of the Strutts and Arkwrights are well known,7<\/sup> and Wright\u2019s \u2018scientific\u2019 candlelight paintings are familiar,8<\/sup> the role of such representations of science and industry in promoting the sciences, mechanical ingenuity and industrial innovation merits more enquiry. Further investigation of the membership and activities of scientific associations would also help, including Derby\u2019s Philosophical Society and Mechanics\u2019 Institute.9<\/sup> Other subjects for study include the kinds of scientific books which were circulated, the role of newspapers and opportunities for scientific education, including the location, content and frequency of scientific lectures and their audiences. The claims for interaction between the sciences, practical mechanics and industry are supported by the activities of individuals such as John Whitehurst and the more shadowy George Sorocold, but further studies are recommended of lesser known mechanics, surveyors, cartographers and engineers. The impact of lead mining upon geological understanding and upon improving cartographic standards also requires more analysis, including studies of miners and mechanics as well as entrepreneurs, mineral collectors, geologists and map-makers.10<\/sup> Finally, new and unexpected connections between the sciences and industry might be unearthed by further studies of natural history, agriculture, horticulture, meteorology and the earth sciences, with a focus upon those who actively participated and their audiences.<\/span><\/p>\n Paul Elliott and Robin Holgate<\/p>\n Fig. 4.15 Detail of Joseph Wright\u2019s \u2018Orrery\u2019, showing a philosopher explaining the workings of the solar system to a group of rapt young listeners (\u00a9 Derby Museums Trust)<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/p>\n References<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n 1 <\/span><\/sup>Jones, P 2008 Industrial Enlightenment: Science, Technology and Culture in Birmingham and the West Midlands<\/i>. Manchester: MUP<\/span><\/p>\n 2 <\/span><\/sup>Fox, C 2009 The Arts of Industry in the Age of Enlightenment<\/i>. New Haven: YUP; Porter, R 2000 Enlightenment: Britain and the Creation of the Modern World<\/i>. London: Allen Lane; Trinder, B 2013 Britain\u2019s Industrial Revolution<\/i>. Lancaster: Carnegie<\/span><\/p>\n 3 <\/span><\/sup>Schofield, R E 1963 The Lunar Society of Birmingham<\/i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press; Uglow, J 2002 The Lunar Men: The Friends who made the Future.<\/i> London: Faber<\/span><\/p>\n 4 <\/span><\/sup>Musson, A and Robinson, E 1969 Science and Technology in the Industrial Revolution<\/i>. Manchester: MUP<\/span><\/p>\n 5 <\/span><\/sup>Jacob, M 1988 The Cultural Meaning of the Scientific Revolution<\/i>. New York: Knopf<\/span><\/p>\n 6 <\/span><\/sup>Mokyr, J 2002 The Gifts of Athena. <\/i>Princeton: Princeton University Press<\/span><\/p>\n 7 <\/span><\/sup>Fitton, R S and Wadsworth, A P 1958 The Strutts and Arkwrights. <\/i>Manchester: MUP<\/span><\/p>\n 8 <\/span><\/sup>Daniels, S 1999 Joseph Wright.<\/i> London: Tate Gallery; <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n Nicolson, B 1969 Joseph Wright: Painter of Light<\/i>. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul<\/span><\/p>\n 9 <\/span><\/sup>Elliott, P A 2009 The Derby Philosophers: Science and Culture in British Urban Society<\/i>. Manchester: MUP <\/span><\/p>\n 10 <\/span><\/sup>Fox 2009, 74\u20136<\/span><\/p><\/span> 18th century visitors to the Derwent Valley were initially attracted by the opportunity to take the waters at Matlock Bath and to absorb the sublime and picturesque landscapes celebrated by artists such as Thomas Smith and Joseph Wright1<\/sup> and praised in the poetry of Anna Seward and Erasmus Darwin.2 <\/sup>The mills and their weirs provided additional attractions, drawing tourists ever since the opening of Lombe\u2019s Silk Mill in 1721. By the 1730s, intrepid travellers braving the poor valley roads3<\/sup> would have found at Matlock lodging houses and stabling associated with the improved Old Bath and, in contrast to the colder Buxton spa with its thermal waters, a temperate climate and water. Early travellers would have relied upon Defoe\u2019s Tour through the Whole Island of Great Britain<\/i> (1724\u20136) as a companion, but by 1818 a contributor to the Monthly Magazine<\/i>4 <\/sup>observed that \u2018no county has been more frequently traversed by the curious and inquisitive, or more fully and minutely described\u2019 than Derbyshire. By then, travellers would have been enticed by a wealth of literature, which by the mid-19th century included classic works by Rev. James Pilkington, Ebenezer Rhodes, Rev. Richard Ward and William Adam.5<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n <\/span><\/p>\n Whilst this background is generally understood, further documentary research is required into certain aspects of Derwent Valley tourism prior to the coming of the railways.6<\/sup> We need to know more about the kind of people who came and why? Where did they come from and how often? Where did they stay and what itineraries did they follow? How did this affect their lives and the lives of the Valley\u2019s residents? We need better understanding of the development of tourist industries.7<\/sup> How important was taking the waters, for instance, compared to appreciation of the scenery or curiosity about industrial landscapes? What were the impacts of changes in material culture and patterns of consumption?8<\/sup> With disposable income, tourists were keen to purchase mementoes such as mineral specimens, Derby porcelain or Ashford black marble, which mineralogists such as White Watson of Bakewell and John Mawe of Matlock adroitly exploited. How did local people respond to the increasing footfall? While Matlock Bath was soon busy with hotels, lodging houses and museums, did other parts of the Valley benefit? Finally, drawing upon sources such as King\u2019s Topographical Collection,9<\/sup> how did 18th century tourism here compare with rival destinations, such as the Wye Valley, Snowdonia, the Highlands or the Lake District?10<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n Ros Westwood and Paul Elliott<\/p>\n<\/p>\nStatus: <\/h5>Active <\/span>
Found in the following Frameworks: <\/h5>Derwent Valley Mills World Heritage Site<\/a> <\/span>
Categories: <\/h5>Derbyshire<\/a>, <\/span>Interpretation<\/a>, <\/span>Enlightenment (18th-century western movement)<\/a>, <\/span>World heritage site<\/a> <\/span><\/div><\/details><\/div><\/div>
3B: Assess the impact of the Industrial Enlightenment upon the development of science, industry, technology and the mechanical arts and skills in the Derwent Valley. <\/h3>
More information on this strategy <\/summary>
URI: <\/h5>https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/dvmwhs\/researchframework\/v1\/strategy\/strategy-61c3286415f0e<\/a><\/span>
Linked Question(s): <\/h5>3.6 – How was the Derwent Valley depicted in the paintings of artists such as Joseph Wright and in other material culture of the Enlightenment?<\/a>
More information: <\/h5>
<\/p>\nStatus: <\/h5>Active <\/span>
Found in the following Frameworks: <\/h5>Derwent Valley Mills World Heritage Site<\/a> <\/span>
Categories: <\/h5>Industrial<\/a>, <\/span>Documentary research<\/a>, <\/span>Book<\/a>, <\/span>Documentary archive research<\/a>, <\/span>Derbyshire<\/a>, <\/span>Documentary evidence<\/a>, <\/span>Art<\/a>, <\/span>Enlightenment (18th-century western movement)<\/a>, <\/span>World heritage site<\/a> <\/span><\/div><\/details><\/div><\/div>
3C: Examine the factors underlying the development of tourism during the 18th century and assess the impact upon the Valley of the associated consumer culture <\/h3>
More information on this strategy <\/summary>
URI: <\/h5>https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/dvmwhs\/researchframework\/v1\/strategy\/strategy-61c335484047b<\/a><\/span>
Linked Question(s): <\/h5>3.10 – How did Enlightenment cultures of water shape life and landscapes in the Derwent Valley (for example, by the development of spas and hydropathy)?<\/a>
More information: <\/h5>
![\"Painting](\"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/dvmwhs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/24\/2021\/12\/3C-300x300.jpg\")
<\/a><\/p>\n