{"id":498,"date":"2018-10-03T12:14:08","date_gmt":"2018-10-03T12:14:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/?page_id=498"},"modified":"2021-02-18T16:11:24","modified_gmt":"2021-02-18T16:11:24","slug":"high-medieval-strategic-objectives","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/research-strategy\/high-medieval-strategic-objectives\/","title":{"rendered":"High Medieval: Strategic Objectives"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\n\nClick&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/hot-to-use-and-contribute-to-the-research-framework\/\">here<\/a>&nbsp;to see how to contribute&nbsp;\n\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<style>\n\t#hotspot-2251 .hotspots-image-container,\n\t#hotspot-2251 .leaflet-container {\n\t\tbackground: #efefef\t}\n\n\t#hotspot-2251 .hotspots-placeholder,\n\t.featherlight .featherlight-content.lightbox-2251 {\n\t\tbackground: #ffffff;\n\t\tborder: 0 #ffffff solid;\n\t\tcolor: #000000;\n\t}\n\n\t#hotspot-2251 .hotspot-title,\n\t#hotspot-2251 .bc-product__title a,\n\t.featherlight .featherlight-content.lightbox-2251 .hotspot-title,\n\t.featherlight .featherlight-content.lightbox-2251 .bc-product__title a {\n\t\tcolor: #000000;\n\t}\n\n\t\t\t#hotspot-2251 .hotspot-Custom {\n\t\t\tstroke-width: 1;\n\t\t\tfill: #ffffff;\n\t\t\tfill-opacity: 0;\n\t\t\tstroke: #ffffff;\n\t\t\tstroke-opacity: 0;\n\t\t}\n\t\t#hotspot-2251 .hotspot-Custom:hover,\n\t\t#hotspot-2251 .hotspot-Custom.hotspot-active {\n\t\t\tfill: #ffffff;\n\t\t\tfill-opacity: 0.81;\n\t\t\tstroke: #ffffff;\n\t\t\tstroke-opacity: 0.81;\n\t\t}\n\t\t\t#hotspot-2251 .hotspot-default {\n\t\t\tstroke-width: 1;\n\t\t\tfill: #ffffff;\n\t\t\tfill-opacity: 0;\n\t\t\tstroke: #ffffff;\n\t\t\tstroke-opacity: 0;\n\t\t}\n\t\t#hotspot-2251 .hotspot-default:hover,\n\t\t#hotspot-2251 .hotspot-default.hotspot-active {\n\t\t\tfill: #ffffff;\n\t\t\tfill-opacity: 0.81;\n\t\t\tstroke: #ffffff;\n\t\t\tstroke-opacity: 0.81;\n\t\t}\n\t\t#hotspot-2251 .leaflet-tooltip,\n\t#hotspot-2251 .leaflet-rrose-content-wrapper {\n\t\tbackground: #ffffff;\n\t\tborder-color: #ffffff;\n\t\tcolor: #000000;\n\t}\n\n\t#hotspot-2251 a.leaflet-rrose-close-button {\n\t\tcolor: #000000;\n\t}\n\n\t#hotspot-2251 .leaflet-rrose-tip {\n\t\tbackground: #ffffff;\n\t}\n\n\t#hotspot-2251 .leaflet-popup-scrolled {\n\t\tborder-bottom-color: #000000;\n\t\tborder-top-color: #000000;\n\t}\n\n\t#hotspot-2251 .leaflet-tooltip-top:before {\n\t\tborder-top-color: #ffffff;\n\t}\n\n\t#hotspot-2251 .leaflet-tooltip-bottom:before {\n\t\tborder-bottom-color: #ffffff;\n\t}\n\t#hotspot-2251 .leaflet-tooltip-left:before {\n\t\tborder-left-color: #ffffff;\n\t}\n\t#hotspot-2251 .leaflet-tooltip-right:before {\n\t\tborder-right-color: #ffffff;\n\t}\n<\/style>\n\n\n\t<div class=\"hotspots-container  layout-lightbox event-click\" id=\"hotspot-2251\" data-layout=\"lightbox\" data-trigger=\"click\">\n\t\t<div class=\"hotspots-interaction\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspots-image-container\">\n\t<img\n\t\twidth=\"1074\"\n\t\theight=\"647\"\n\t\tsrc=\"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2020\/12\/High_Med.png\"\n\t\talt=\"High Medieval\"\n\t\tclass=\"hotspots-image skip-lazy\"\n\t\tusemap=\"#hotspots-image-2251\"\n\t\tdata-event-trigger=\"click\"\n\t\tdata-always-visible=\"false\"\n\t\tdata-id=\"2251\"\n\t\tdata-no-lazy=\"1\"\n\t\tdata-lazy-src=\"\"\n\t\tdata-lazy=\"false\"\n\t\t>\n<\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<map name=\"hotspots-image-2251\" class=\"hotspots-map\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<area\n\t\t\t\t\tshape=\"poly\"\n\t\t\t\t\tcoords=\"208,101,232,101,232,133,207,134\"\n\t\t\t\t\thref=\"#hotspot-hotspot-2251-0\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttitle=\"7.1.1: How did the major towns and smaller market towns of the region develop after the Norman Conquest, both within the urban core and in suburban and extra-mural areas?\"\n\t\t\t\t\talt=\"7.1.1: How did the major towns and smaller market towns of the region develop after the Norman Conquest, both within the urban core and in suburban and extra-mural areas?\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-action=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-color-scheme=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttarget=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"more-info-area\"\n\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<area\n\t\t\t\t\tshape=\"poly\"\n\t\t\t\t\tcoords=\"233,101,259,102,261,132,235,133\"\n\t\t\t\t\thref=\"#hotspot-hotspot-2251-1\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttitle=\"7.1.2: Can we define more closely the industrial and trading activities associated with towns and the nature and extent of urban influence upon the countryside?\"\n\t\t\t\t\talt=\"7.1.2: Can we define more closely the industrial and trading activities associated with towns and the nature and extent of urban influence upon the countryside?\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-action=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-color-scheme=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttarget=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"more-info-area\"\n\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<area\n\t\t\t\t\tshape=\"poly\"\n\t\t\t\t\tcoords=\"287,102,262,102,261,132,287,133\"\n\t\t\t\t\thref=\"#hotspot-hotspot-2251-2\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttitle=\"7.1.3: How may we enhance our understanding of the chronology, functions and morphology of caves, and in particular the outstanding subterranean resource of medieval Nottingham?\"\n\t\t\t\t\talt=\"7.1.3: How may we enhance our understanding of the chronology, functions and morphology of caves, and in particular the outstanding subterranean resource of medieval Nottingham?\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-action=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-color-scheme=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttarget=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"more-info-area\"\n\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<area\n\t\t\t\t\tshape=\"poly\"\n\t\t\t\t\tcoords=\"315,101,289,102,288,133,315,133\"\n\t\t\t\t\thref=\"#hotspot-hotspot-2251-3\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttitle=\"7.1.4: Can we shed further light upon the commercial role of fairs, markets, ports and other trading centres (notably Boston)?\"\n\t\t\t\t\talt=\"7.1.4: Can we shed further light upon the commercial role of fairs, markets, ports and other trading centres (notably Boston)?\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-action=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-color-scheme=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttarget=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"more-info-area\"\n\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<area\n\t\t\t\t\tshape=\"poly\"\n\t\t\t\t\tcoords=\"342,101,317,100,316,133,343,133\"\n\t\t\t\t\thref=\"#hotspot-hotspot-2251-4\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttitle=\"7.2.1: How can we elucidate further the development of nucleated villages, and in particular the contribution of the Danelaw to changes in village morphology?\"\n\t\t\t\t\talt=\"7.2.1: How can we elucidate further the development of nucleated villages, and in particular the contribution of the Danelaw to changes in village morphology?\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-action=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-color-scheme=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttarget=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"more-info-area\"\n\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<area\n\t\t\t\t\tshape=\"poly\"\n\t\t\t\t\tcoords=\"368,100,343,101,344,132,369,133\"\n\t\t\t\t\thref=\"#hotspot-hotspot-2251-5\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttitle=\"7.2.2: How can we shed further light upon the origin and development of dispersed hamlets and farms in champion and pastoral areas?\"\n\t\t\t\t\talt=\"7.2.2: How can we shed further light upon the origin and development of dispersed hamlets and farms in champion and pastoral areas?\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-action=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-color-scheme=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttarget=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"more-info-area\"\n\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<area\n\t\t\t\t\tshape=\"poly\"\n\t\t\t\t\tcoords=\"396,102,369,101,370,132,396,133\"\n\t\t\t\t\thref=\"#hotspot-hotspot-2251-6\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttitle=\"7.2.3: How can we improve our understanding of the form, evolution and functions of buildings within rural settlements and establish the extent of surviving medieval fabrics?\"\n\t\t\t\t\talt=\"7.2.3: How can we improve our understanding of the form, evolution and functions of buildings within rural settlements and establish the extent of surviving medieval fabrics?\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-action=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-color-scheme=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttarget=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"more-info-area\"\n\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<area\n\t\t\t\t\tshape=\"poly\"\n\t\t\t\t\tcoords=\"424,101,396,100,397,132,423,132\"\n\t\t\t\t\thref=\"#hotspot-hotspot-2251-7\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttitle=\"7.2.4: Can we clarify further the processes of settlement desertion and shrinkage, especially within zones of dispersed settlement?\"\n\t\t\t\t\talt=\"7.2.4: Can we clarify further the processes of settlement desertion and shrinkage, especially within zones of dispersed settlement?\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-action=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-color-scheme=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttarget=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"more-info-area\"\n\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<area\n\t\t\t\t\tshape=\"poly\"\n\t\t\t\t\tcoords=\"450,101,424,100,424,132,449,132\"\n\t\t\t\t\thref=\"#hotspot-hotspot-2251-8\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttitle=\"7.3.1: How can the classification of moated and non-moated manorial sites be improved?\"\n\t\t\t\t\talt=\"7.3.1: How can the classification of moated and non-moated manorial sites be improved?\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-action=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-color-scheme=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttarget=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"more-info-area\"\n\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<area\n\t\t\t\t\tshape=\"poly\"\n\t\t\t\t\tcoords=\"477,100,449,100,450,132,475,133\"\n\t\t\t\t\thref=\"#hotspot-hotspot-2251-9\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttitle=\"7.3.2: How did the medieval manor and manorial estates develop from the Anglo-Saxon period, and what was the impact of the Danelaw?\"\n\t\t\t\t\talt=\"7.3.2: How did the medieval manor and manorial estates develop from the Anglo-Saxon period, and what was the impact of the Danelaw?\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-action=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-color-scheme=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttarget=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"more-info-area\"\n\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<area\n\t\t\t\t\tshape=\"poly\"\n\t\t\t\t\tcoords=\"502,101,477,101,478,135,503,133\"\n\t\t\t\t\thref=\"#hotspot-hotspot-2251-10\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttitle=\"7.3.3: Can we improve our knowledge and classification of moated sites in the region, and how can environmental data add to our knowledge?\"\n\t\t\t\t\talt=\"7.3.3: Can we improve our knowledge and classification of moated sites in the region, and how can environmental data add to our knowledge?\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-action=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-color-scheme=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttarget=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"more-info-area\"\n\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<area\n\t\t\t\t\tshape=\"poly\"\n\t\t\t\t\tcoords=\"530,101,502,101,502,133,529,133\"\n\t\t\t\t\thref=\"#hotspot-hotspot-2251-11\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttitle=\"7.3.4: What standing buildings are present on moated sites and what functions may associated features found during survey have performed?\"\n\t\t\t\t\talt=\"7.3.4: What standing buildings are present on moated sites and what functions may associated features found during survey have performed?\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-action=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-color-scheme=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttarget=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"more-info-area\"\n\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<area\n\t\t\t\t\tshape=\"poly\"\n\t\t\t\t\tcoords=\"554,100,530,102,530,133,555,133\"\n\t\t\t\t\thref=\"#hotspot-hotspot-2251-12\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttitle=\"7.3.5: How did manor buildings develop over time, how may architectural styles have varied, and what can we learn about traditional constructional skills and designs?\"\n\t\t\t\t\talt=\"7.3.5: How did manor buildings develop over time, how may architectural styles have varied, and what can we learn about traditional constructional skills and designs?\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-action=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-color-scheme=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttarget=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"more-info-area\"\n\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<area\n\t\t\t\t\tshape=\"poly\"\n\t\t\t\t\tcoords=\"554,100,577,100,577,132,556,132\"\n\t\t\t\t\thref=\"#hotspot-hotspot-2251-13\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttitle=\"7.4.1: How can studies of the region\u2019s buildings contribute to an understanding of castle origins, and can we identify local typologies of castles and country houses?\"\n\t\t\t\t\talt=\"7.4.1: How can studies of the region\u2019s buildings contribute to an understanding of castle origins, and can we identify local typologies of castles and country houses?\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-action=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-color-scheme=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttarget=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"more-info-area\"\n\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<area\n\t\t\t\t\tshape=\"poly\"\n\t\t\t\t\tcoords=\"578,101,600,101,600,133,577,133\"\n\t\t\t\t\thref=\"#hotspot-hotspot-2251-14\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttitle=\"7.4.2: What was the date and function of currently undated minor motte and bailey castles?\"\n\t\t\t\t\talt=\"7.4.2: What was the date and function of currently undated minor motte and bailey castles?\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-action=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-color-scheme=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttarget=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"more-info-area\"\n\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<area\n\t\t\t\t\tshape=\"poly\"\n\t\t\t\t\tcoords=\"599,101,622,101,621,133,601,135\"\n\t\t\t\t\thref=\"#hotspot-hotspot-2251-15\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttitle=\"7.4.3: How many castle sites have been lost within the region?\"\n\t\t\t\t\talt=\"7.4.3: How many castle sites have been lost within the region?\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-action=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-color-scheme=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttarget=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"more-info-area\"\n\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<area\n\t\t\t\t\tshape=\"poly\"\n\t\t\t\t\tcoords=\"644,100,622,100,621,132,644,133\"\n\t\t\t\t\thref=\"#hotspot-hotspot-2251-16\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttitle=\"7.4.4: Was there continuity of location between castles and country houses, and are earlier structures concealed in later buildings?\"\n\t\t\t\t\talt=\"7.4.4: Was there continuity of location between castles and country houses, and are earlier structures concealed in later buildings?\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-action=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-color-scheme=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttarget=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"more-info-area\"\n\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<area\n\t\t\t\t\tshape=\"poly\"\n\t\t\t\t\tcoords=\"666,101,644,100,644,133,664,132\"\n\t\t\t\t\thref=\"#hotspot-hotspot-2251-17\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttitle=\"7.4.5: What local resources were used for building and maintenance and what was the environmental context and economic impact of these buildings?\"\n\t\t\t\t\talt=\"7.4.5: What local resources were used for building and maintenance and what was the environmental context and economic impact of these buildings?\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-action=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-color-scheme=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttarget=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"more-info-area\"\n\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<area\n\t\t\t\t\tshape=\"poly\"\n\t\t\t\t\tcoords=\"688,100,666,101,666,133,688,134\"\n\t\t\t\t\thref=\"#hotspot-hotspot-2251-18\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttitle=\"7.4.6: How should battlefield sites be further investigated?\"\n\t\t\t\t\talt=\"7.4.6: How should battlefield sites be further investigated?\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-action=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-color-scheme=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttarget=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"more-info-area\"\n\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<area\n\t\t\t\t\tshape=\"poly\"\n\t\t\t\t\tcoords=\"710,102,689,102,688,133,709,133\"\n\t\t\t\t\thref=\"#hotspot-hotspot-2251-19\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttitle=\"7.5.1: Can we identify additional pre-Conquest church, minster and monastic sites and elucidate the development of later monastic settlement (particularly the regionally important Gilbertine and Templar orders)?\"\n\t\t\t\t\talt=\"7.5.1: Can we identify additional pre-Conquest church, minster and monastic sites and elucidate the development of later monastic settlement (particularly the regionally important Gilbertine and Templar orders)?\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-action=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-color-scheme=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttarget=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"more-info-area\"\n\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<area\n\t\t\t\t\tshape=\"poly\"\n\t\t\t\t\tcoords=\"731,101,710,101,709,133,732,132\"\n\t\t\t\t\thref=\"#hotspot-hotspot-2251-20\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttitle=\"7.5.2: Can we discern significant differences in the planning, economy and landscape impact of the different monastic orders (e.g. Witham Valley)?\"\n\t\t\t\t\talt=\"7.5.2: Can we discern significant differences in the planning, economy and landscape impact of the different monastic orders (e.g. Witham Valley)?\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-action=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-color-scheme=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttarget=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"more-info-area\"\n\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<area\n\t\t\t\t\tshape=\"poly\"\n\t\t\t\t\tcoords=\"754,102,732,102,731,133,754,132\"\n\t\t\t\t\thref=\"#hotspot-hotspot-2251-21\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttitle=\"7.5.3: Can we elucidate further the development of hospitals and colleges?\"\n\t\t\t\t\talt=\"7.5.3: Can we elucidate further the development of hospitals and colleges?\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-action=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-color-scheme=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttarget=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"more-info-area\"\n\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<area\n\t\t\t\t\tshape=\"poly\"\n\t\t\t\t\tcoords=\"776,102,754,102,752,133,775,133\"\n\t\t\t\t\thref=\"#hotspot-hotspot-2251-22\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttitle=\"7.5.4: Can we shed further light upon the distribution and development of early churches or chapels and the origins and growth of the parish system?\"\n\t\t\t\t\talt=\"7.5.4: Can we shed further light upon the distribution and development of early churches or chapels and the origins and growth of the parish system?\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-action=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-color-scheme=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttarget=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"more-info-area\"\n\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<area\n\t\t\t\t\tshape=\"poly\"\n\t\t\t\t\tcoords=\"797,101,775,101,776,133,796,132\"\n\t\t\t\t\thref=\"#hotspot-hotspot-2251-23\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttitle=\"7.5.5: How can we refine our understanding of local and regional architectural styles, including sculptured stonework, decorations and monuments?\"\n\t\t\t\t\talt=\"7.5.5: How can we refine our understanding of local and regional architectural styles, including sculptured stonework, decorations and monuments?\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-action=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-color-scheme=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttarget=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"more-info-area\"\n\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<area\n\t\t\t\t\tshape=\"poly\"\n\t\t\t\t\tcoords=\"820,101,798,102,798,132,818,133\"\n\t\t\t\t\thref=\"#hotspot-hotspot-2251-24\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttitle=\"7.5.6: What may we deduce from scientific analyses of cemetery populations about changes in diet, mortality and other demographic variables, both within the region and between social groups?\"\n\t\t\t\t\talt=\"7.5.6: What may we deduce from scientific analyses of cemetery populations about changes in diet, mortality and other demographic variables, both within the region and between social groups?\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-action=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-color-scheme=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttarget=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"more-info-area\"\n\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<area\n\t\t\t\t\tshape=\"poly\"\n\t\t\t\t\tcoords=\"843,101,820,101,820,133,843,133\"\n\t\t\t\t\thref=\"#hotspot-hotspot-2251-25\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttitle=\"7.6.1: How and where was post-Conquest pottery manufactured and distributed, and what communication systems were employed?\"\n\t\t\t\t\talt=\"7.6.1: How and where was post-Conquest pottery manufactured and distributed, and what communication systems were employed?\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-action=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-color-scheme=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttarget=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"more-info-area\"\n\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<area\n\t\t\t\t\tshape=\"poly\"\n\t\t\t\t\tcoords=\"867,101,844,102,843,132,867,133\"\n\t\t\t\t\thref=\"#hotspot-hotspot-2251-26\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttitle=\"7.6.2: By what means were the extractive mineral industries controlled or organised by royal, monastic or lay lords?\"\n\t\t\t\t\talt=\"7.6.2: By what means were the extractive mineral industries controlled or organised by royal, monastic or lay lords?\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-action=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-color-scheme=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttarget=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"more-info-area\"\n\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<area\n\t\t\t\t\tshape=\"poly\"\n\t\t\t\t\tcoords=\"892,102,867,100,867,134,892,133\"\n\t\t\t\t\thref=\"#hotspot-hotspot-2251-27\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttitle=\"7.6.3: Can we identify, investigate and date sites associated with the region\u2019s key extractive industries (especially iron, coal, lead and alabaster), the production and distribution of cloth and leather-work, and freshwater or marine fishing?\"\n\t\t\t\t\talt=\"7.6.3: Can we identify, investigate and date sites associated with the region\u2019s key extractive industries (especially iron, coal, lead and alabaster), the production and distribution of cloth and leather-work, and freshwater or marine fishing?\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-action=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-color-scheme=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttarget=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"more-info-area\"\n\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<area\n\t\t\t\t\tshape=\"poly\"\n\t\t\t\t\tcoords=\"915,101,891,101,892,133,916,133\"\n\t\t\t\t\thref=\"#hotspot-hotspot-2251-28\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttitle=\"7.6.4: Can we develop a typological classification of buildings associated with medieval industrial and commercial activities and can we identify sub-regional and chronological patterning?\"\n\t\t\t\t\talt=\"7.6.4: Can we develop a typological classification of buildings associated with medieval industrial and commercial activities and can we identify sub-regional and chronological patterning?\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-action=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-color-scheme=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttarget=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"more-info-area\"\n\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<area\n\t\t\t\t\tshape=\"poly\"\n\t\t\t\t\tcoords=\"937,101,916,101,916,132,937,134\"\n\t\t\t\t\thref=\"#hotspot-hotspot-2251-29\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttitle=\"7.7.1: Can we shed further light upon the origins and development of the open-field system and its impact upon agricultural practices?\"\n\t\t\t\t\talt=\"7.7.1: Can we shed further light upon the origins and development of the open-field system and its impact upon agricultural practices?\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-action=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-color-scheme=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttarget=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"more-info-area\"\n\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<area\n\t\t\t\t\tshape=\"poly\"\n\t\t\t\t\tcoords=\"959,101,937,102,938,132,960,134\"\n\t\t\t\t\thref=\"#hotspot-hotspot-2251-30\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttitle=\"7.7.2: Can we establish the character and extent of the field systems of non-champion landscapes (e.g. upland Derbyshire)?\"\n\t\t\t\t\talt=\"7.7.2: Can we establish the character and extent of the field systems of non-champion landscapes (e.g. upland Derbyshire)?\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-action=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-color-scheme=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttarget=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"more-info-area\"\n\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<area\n\t\t\t\t\tshape=\"poly\"\n\t\t\t\t\tcoords=\"980,101,961,101,959,132,981,132\"\n\t\t\t\t\thref=\"#hotspot-hotspot-2251-31\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttitle=\"7.7.3: What can we deduce about changes in woodland management and animal or crop husbandry (including new crops, crop rotation, field systems, more intensive cultivation of clay soils and larger animals, particularly sheep)?\"\n\t\t\t\t\talt=\"7.7.3: What can we deduce about changes in woodland management and animal or crop husbandry (including new crops, crop rotation, field systems, more intensive cultivation of clay soils and larger animals, particularly sheep)?\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-action=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-color-scheme=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttarget=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"more-info-area\"\n\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<area\n\t\t\t\t\tshape=\"poly\"\n\t\t\t\t\tcoords=\"1003,102,982,102,981,133,1003,133\"\n\t\t\t\t\thref=\"#hotspot-hotspot-2251-32\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttitle=\"7.7.4: What can environmental remains teach us about diet and living conditions in urban, rural and coastal communities?\"\n\t\t\t\t\talt=\"7.7.4: What can environmental remains teach us about diet and living conditions in urban, rural and coastal communities?\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-action=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-color-scheme=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttarget=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"more-info-area\"\n\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<area\n\t\t\t\t\tshape=\"poly\"\n\t\t\t\t\tcoords=\"1026,100,1003,100,1003,133,1026,133\"\n\t\t\t\t\thref=\"#hotspot-hotspot-2251-33\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttitle=\"7.7.5: What may fish bones and other environmental data contribute to studies of the exploitation and distribution of freshwater and marine fish?\"\n\t\t\t\t\talt=\"7.7.5: What may fish bones and other environmental data contribute to studies of the exploitation and distribution of freshwater and marine fish?\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-action=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-color-scheme=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttarget=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"more-info-area\"\n\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<area\n\t\t\t\t\tshape=\"poly\"\n\t\t\t\t\tcoords=\"1048,101,1025,101,1026,132,1046,134\"\n\t\t\t\t\thref=\"#hotspot-hotspot-2251-34\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttitle=\"7.7.6: How best may we enhance study of the origins and development of early land reclamation and drainage, particularly in Lincolnshire?\"\n\t\t\t\t\talt=\"7.7.6: How best may we enhance study of the origins and development of early land reclamation and drainage, particularly in Lincolnshire?\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-action=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-color-scheme=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttarget=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"more-info-area\"\n\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<area\n\t\t\t\t\tshape=\"poly\"\n\t\t\t\t\tcoords=\"35,132,206,135,206,187,35,187\"\n\t\t\t\t\thref=\"#hotspot-hotspot-2251-35\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttitle=\"Strategic Objective 7A\"\n\t\t\t\t\talt=\"Strategic Objective 7A\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-action=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-color-scheme=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttarget=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"more-info-area\"\n\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<area\n\t\t\t\t\tshape=\"poly\"\n\t\t\t\t\tcoords=\"35,186,205,187,206,240,37,240\"\n\t\t\t\t\thref=\"#hotspot-hotspot-2251-36\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttitle=\"Strategic Objective 7B\"\n\t\t\t\t\talt=\"Strategic Objective 7B\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-action=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-color-scheme=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttarget=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"more-info-area\"\n\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<area\n\t\t\t\t\tshape=\"poly\"\n\t\t\t\t\tcoords=\"36,239,206,238,205,286,35,286\"\n\t\t\t\t\thref=\"#hotspot-hotspot-2251-37\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttitle=\"Strategic Objective 7C\"\n\t\t\t\t\talt=\"Strategic Objective 7C\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-action=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-color-scheme=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttarget=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"more-info-area\"\n\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<area\n\t\t\t\t\tshape=\"poly\"\n\t\t\t\t\tcoords=\"35,287,205,286,206,333,36,334\"\n\t\t\t\t\thref=\"#hotspot-hotspot-2251-38\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttitle=\"Strategic Objective 7D\"\n\t\t\t\t\talt=\"Strategic Objective 7D\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-action=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-color-scheme=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttarget=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"more-info-area\"\n\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<area\n\t\t\t\t\tshape=\"poly\"\n\t\t\t\t\tcoords=\"35,334,206,333,207,382,35,382\"\n\t\t\t\t\thref=\"#hotspot-hotspot-2251-39\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttitle=\"Strategic Objective 7E\"\n\t\t\t\t\talt=\"Strategic Objective 7E\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-action=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-color-scheme=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttarget=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"more-info-area\"\n\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<area\n\t\t\t\t\tshape=\"poly\"\n\t\t\t\t\tcoords=\"36,381,205,381,206,427,36,427\"\n\t\t\t\t\thref=\"#hotspot-hotspot-2251-40\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttitle=\"Strategic Objective 7F\"\n\t\t\t\t\talt=\"Strategic Objective 7F\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-action=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-color-scheme=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttarget=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"more-info-area\"\n\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<area\n\t\t\t\t\tshape=\"poly\"\n\t\t\t\t\tcoords=\"35,429,206,427,208,476,35,475\"\n\t\t\t\t\thref=\"#hotspot-hotspot-2251-41\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttitle=\"Strategic Objective 7G\"\n\t\t\t\t\talt=\"Strategic Objective 7G\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-action=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-color-scheme=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttarget=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"more-info-area\"\n\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<area\n\t\t\t\t\tshape=\"poly\"\n\t\t\t\t\tcoords=\"36,477,206,476,206,523,36,523\"\n\t\t\t\t\thref=\"#hotspot-hotspot-2251-42\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttitle=\"Strategic Objective 7H\"\n\t\t\t\t\talt=\"Strategic Objective 7H\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-action=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-color-scheme=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttarget=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"more-info-area\"\n\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<area\n\t\t\t\t\tshape=\"poly\"\n\t\t\t\t\tcoords=\"35,523,206,523,205,569,36,568\"\n\t\t\t\t\thref=\"#hotspot-hotspot-2251-43\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttitle=\"Strategic Objective 7I\"\n\t\t\t\t\talt=\"Strategic Objective 7I\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-action=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-color-scheme=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttarget=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"more-info-area\"\n\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<area\n\t\t\t\t\tshape=\"poly\"\n\t\t\t\t\tcoords=\"36,570,204,571,205,622,36,622\"\n\t\t\t\t\thref=\"#hotspot-hotspot-2251-44\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttitle=\"Strategic Objective 7J\"\n\t\t\t\t\talt=\"Strategic Objective 7J\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-action=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-color-scheme=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttarget=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"more-info-area\"\n\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/map>\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-info \" id=\"hotspot-hotspot-2251-0\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"hotspot-title\">7.1.1: How did the major towns and smaller market towns of the region develop after the Norman Conquest, both within the urban core and in suburban and extra-mural areas?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-info \" id=\"hotspot-hotspot-2251-1\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"hotspot-title\">7.1.2: Can we define more closely the industrial and trading activities associated with towns and the nature and extent of urban influence upon the countryside?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-info \" id=\"hotspot-hotspot-2251-2\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"hotspot-title\">7.1.3: How may we enhance our understanding of the chronology, functions and morphology of caves, and in particular the outstanding subterranean resource of medieval Nottingham?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-info \" id=\"hotspot-hotspot-2251-3\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"hotspot-title\">7.1.4: Can we shed further light upon the commercial role of fairs, markets, ports and other trading centres (notably Boston)?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-info \" id=\"hotspot-hotspot-2251-4\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"hotspot-title\">7.2.1: How can we elucidate further the development of nucleated villages, and in particular the contribution of the Danelaw to changes in village morphology?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-info \" id=\"hotspot-hotspot-2251-5\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"hotspot-title\">7.2.2: How can we shed further light upon the origin and development of dispersed hamlets and farms in champion and pastoral areas?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-info \" id=\"hotspot-hotspot-2251-6\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"hotspot-title\">7.2.3: How can we improve our understanding of the form, evolution and functions of buildings within rural settlements and establish the extent of surviving medieval fabrics?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-info \" id=\"hotspot-hotspot-2251-7\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"hotspot-title\">7.2.4: Can we clarify further the processes of settlement desertion and shrinkage, especially within zones of dispersed settlement?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-info \" id=\"hotspot-hotspot-2251-8\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"hotspot-title\">7.3.1: How can the classification of moated and non-moated manorial sites be improved?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-info \" id=\"hotspot-hotspot-2251-9\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"hotspot-title\">7.3.2: How did the medieval manor and manorial estates develop from the Anglo-Saxon period, and what was the impact of the Danelaw?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-info \" id=\"hotspot-hotspot-2251-10\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"hotspot-title\">7.3.3: Can we improve our knowledge and classification of moated sites in the region, and how can environmental data add to our knowledge?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-info \" id=\"hotspot-hotspot-2251-11\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"hotspot-title\">7.3.4: What standing buildings are present on moated sites and what functions may associated features found during survey have performed?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-info \" id=\"hotspot-hotspot-2251-12\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"hotspot-title\">7.3.5: How did manor buildings develop over time, how may architectural styles have varied, and what can we learn about traditional constructional skills and designs?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-info \" id=\"hotspot-hotspot-2251-13\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"hotspot-title\">7.4.1: How can studies of the region\u2019s buildings contribute to an understanding of castle origins, and can we identify local typologies of castles and country houses?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-info \" id=\"hotspot-hotspot-2251-14\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"hotspot-title\">7.4.2: What was the date and function of currently undated minor motte and bailey castles?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-info \" id=\"hotspot-hotspot-2251-15\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"hotspot-title\">7.4.3: How many castle sites have been lost within the region?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-info \" id=\"hotspot-hotspot-2251-16\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"hotspot-title\">7.4.4: Was there continuity of location between castles and country houses, and are earlier structures concealed in later buildings?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-info \" id=\"hotspot-hotspot-2251-17\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"hotspot-title\">7.4.5: What local resources were used for building and maintenance and what was the environmental context and economic impact of these buildings?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-info \" id=\"hotspot-hotspot-2251-18\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"hotspot-title\">7.4.6: How should battlefield sites be further investigated?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-info \" id=\"hotspot-hotspot-2251-19\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"hotspot-title\">7.5.1: Can we identify additional pre-Conquest church, minster and monastic sites and elucidate the development of later monastic settlement (particularly the regionally important Gilbertine and Templar orders)?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-info \" id=\"hotspot-hotspot-2251-20\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"hotspot-title\">7.5.2: Can we discern significant differences in the planning, economy and landscape impact of the different monastic orders (e.g. Witham Valley)?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-info \" id=\"hotspot-hotspot-2251-21\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"hotspot-title\">7.5.3: Can we elucidate further the development of hospitals and colleges?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-info \" id=\"hotspot-hotspot-2251-22\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"hotspot-title\">7.5.4: Can we shed further light upon the distribution and development of early churches or chapels and the origins and growth of the parish system?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-info \" id=\"hotspot-hotspot-2251-23\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"hotspot-title\">7.5.5: How can we refine our understanding of local and regional architectural styles, including sculptured stonework, decorations and monuments?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-info \" id=\"hotspot-hotspot-2251-24\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"hotspot-title\">7.5.6: What may we deduce from scientific analyses of cemetery populations about changes in diet, mortality and other demographic variables, both within the region and between social groups?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-info \" id=\"hotspot-hotspot-2251-25\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"hotspot-title\">7.6.1: How and where was post-Conquest pottery manufactured and distributed, and what communication systems were employed?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-info \" id=\"hotspot-hotspot-2251-26\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"hotspot-title\">7.6.2: By what means were the extractive mineral industries controlled or organised by royal, monastic or lay lords?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-info \" id=\"hotspot-hotspot-2251-27\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"hotspot-title\">7.6.3: Can we identify, investigate and date sites associated with the region\u2019s key extractive industries (especially iron, coal, lead and alabaster), the production and distribution of cloth and leather-work, and freshwater or marine fishing?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-info \" id=\"hotspot-hotspot-2251-28\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"hotspot-title\">7.6.4: Can we develop a typological classification of buildings associated with medieval industrial and commercial activities and can we identify sub-regional and chronological patterning?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-info \" id=\"hotspot-hotspot-2251-29\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"hotspot-title\">7.7.1: Can we shed further light upon the origins and development of the open-field system and its impact upon agricultural practices?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-info \" id=\"hotspot-hotspot-2251-30\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"hotspot-title\">7.7.2: Can we establish the character and extent of the field systems of non-champion landscapes (e.g. upland Derbyshire)?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-info \" id=\"hotspot-hotspot-2251-31\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"hotspot-title\">7.7.3: What can we deduce about changes in woodland management and animal or crop husbandry (including new crops, crop rotation, field systems, more intensive cultivation of clay soils and larger animals, particularly sheep)?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-info \" id=\"hotspot-hotspot-2251-32\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"hotspot-title\">7.7.4: What can environmental remains teach us about diet and living conditions in urban, rural and coastal communities?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-info \" id=\"hotspot-hotspot-2251-33\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"hotspot-title\">7.7.5: What may fish bones and other environmental data contribute to studies of the exploitation and distribution of freshwater and marine fish?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-info \" id=\"hotspot-hotspot-2251-34\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"hotspot-title\">7.7.6: How best may we enhance study of the origins and development of early land reclamation and drainage, particularly in Lincolnshire?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-info \" id=\"hotspot-hotspot-2251-35\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"hotspot-title\">Strategic Objective 7A<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 1rem;color: #212529;font-family: Lato, sans-serif\" data-incom=\"P3\"><em>Undertake syntheses of urban excavation, survey and documentary data to develop understanding of town development\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 1rem;color: #212529;font-family: Lato, sans-serif\" data-incom=\"P4\"><span style=\"font-weight: bolder\">Summary:<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\" style=\"margin-bottom: 1em;color: #212529;font-family: Lato, sans-serif\">\n<figure class=\"alignright is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-501\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;border-style: none\" src=\"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7A_Lincoln.jpg\" alt=\"A map of a settlement, showing a rectangular walled city to the north, and several more irregular settlements to the south.\" width=\"313\" height=\"420\" srcset=\"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7A_Lincoln.jpg 1390w, https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7A_Lincoln-223x300.jpg 223w, https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7A_Lincoln-768x1032.jpg 768w, https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7A_Lincoln-762x1024.jpg 762w, https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7A_Lincoln-800x1075.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 313px) 100vw, 313px\" \/><figcaption style=\"margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 1em;caption-side: bottom\">Lincoln in the period from c.900 to c.1350, showing its principal elements (Jones et al 2003, Fig 9.1; reproduced by permission of the authors)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 1rem;color: #212529;font-family: Lato, sans-serif\" data-incom=\"P5\">The East Midlands is particularly important as the location for the establishment in the ninth and tenth centuries of the five defended towns at Derby, Leicester, Lincoln, Nottingham and Stamford (the celebrated Five Boroughs of the Danelaw)[1], together with Northampton[2]. These centres continued as major urban foci into the Post-Conquest period, which saw also the development of a range of smaller towns[3]. Archaeological excavation has been undertaken to a varying extent in these larger towns, but much less so in the smaller urban settlements, and the emerging knowledge remains fragmentary[4]. Syntheses of the results of excavation, successfully completed for Lincoln[5], remain largely absent elsewhere, while comparative data and detail are lacking on key ceramic assemblages crucial for developing regional chronological frameworks and for elucidating trading networks. Better understanding is needed of the development of urban centres and the nature and variations of industrial and economic activity. Completion of Urban Archaeological Databases for major centres, comparable to those developed for Lincoln, Leicester and Nottingham, is an urgent requirement in order to provide a foundation for further research and to assist in understanding the existing evidence[6].<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 1rem;color: #212529;font-family: Lato, sans-serif\" data-incom=\"P6\"><span style=\"font-weight: bolder\">Agenda topics addressed:<\/span>\u00a07.1.1-7.1.4; 7.4.1; 7.4.4; 7.4.5; 7.5.3-7.5.6; 7.6.1; 7.6.3; 7.6.4; 7.7.4; 7.7.5<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-info \" id=\"hotspot-hotspot-2251-36\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"hotspot-title\">Strategic Objective 7B<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p><em style=\"color: #212529;font-family: Lato, sans-serif\">Enhance the record of urban and suburban secular standing buildings and associated subterranean structures\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 1rem;color: #212529;font-family: Lato, sans-serif\" data-incom=\"P14\"><span style=\"font-weight: bolder\">Summary:<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\" style=\"margin-bottom: 1em;color: #212529;font-family: Lato, sans-serif\">\n<figure class=\"alignright is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-502\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;border-style: none\" src=\"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7B_Lincoln_Jews_Hse.jpg\" alt=\"A photo of a stone house with distinctive semi-circular structures over the windows and doors.\" width=\"378\" height=\"246\" srcset=\"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7B_Lincoln_Jews_Hse.jpg 964w, https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7B_Lincoln_Jews_Hse-300x196.jpg 300w, https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7B_Lincoln_Jews_Hse-768x502.jpg 768w, https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7B_Lincoln_Jews_Hse-800x523.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 378px) 100vw, 378px\" \/><figcaption style=\"margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 1em;caption-side: bottom\">Jew`s House, Steep Hill, Lincoln: a rare survival of a two-storied stone house of the later 12th century (photograph: Richard Sheppard)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 1rem;color: #212529;font-family: Lato, sans-serif\" data-incom=\"P15\">Surviving medieval urban secular buildings are few in number within the region, and are perhaps best represented by a variety of well-preserved buildings of twelfth century and later date surviving in Lincoln[7][8]. Dendrochronology[9] and detailed investigations of building plans can contribute significantly to our knowledge of the date and status of individual buildings, and cumulatively can contribute to greater understanding of the history and character of urban development. These techniques can usefully be combined with surveys and documentary studies of associated cellars, caves and other subterranean structures, which at Nottingham in particular have the potential for developing further our understanding of urban morphology and functions[10]. A review of urban and suburban standing buildings with the potential to contain medieval structural elements, and of associated subterranean structures, is recommended in order to enhance current Urban Archaeological Databases[11] and Historic Environment Records[12]. This will provide the basic information that is required to inform planning decisions and to guide the application of appropriate research techniques.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 1rem;color: #212529;font-family: Lato, sans-serif\" data-incom=\"P16\"><span style=\"font-weight: bolder\">Agenda topics addressed:<\/span>\u00a07.1.1-7.1.4; 7.6.4<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-info \" id=\"hotspot-hotspot-2251-37\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"hotspot-title\">Strategic Objective 7C<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 1rem;color: #212529;font-family: Lato, sans-serif\" data-incom=\"P23\"><em>Investigate the provisioning of the medieval town by further detailed study of environmental data and human remains<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 1rem;color: #212529;font-family: Lato, sans-serif\" data-incom=\"P24\"><span style=\"font-weight: bolder\">Summary:<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\" style=\"margin-bottom: 1em;color: #212529;font-family: Lato, sans-serif\">\n<figure class=\"alignright is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-503\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;border-style: none\" src=\"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7C_Fishergate_kiln.jpg\" alt=\"A photo of an archaeological excavation, showing post holes and a large area of burnt material.\" width=\"316\" height=\"476\" srcset=\"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7C_Fishergate_kiln.jpg 628w, https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7C_Fishergate_kiln-199x300.jpg 199w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 316px) 100vw, 316px\" \/><figcaption style=\"margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 1em;caption-side: bottom\">Fisher Gate, Nottingham: excavations revealed the remains of a corn-drying kiln dating from around 1200. This had burnt down and yielded an abundance of charred emmer wheat along with burnt wood and daub (photograph \u00a9 Nottingham City Museums)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 1rem;color: #212529;font-family: Lato, sans-serif\" data-incom=\"P25\">The increasing use of cess-pits in medieval towns means that there is extensive evidence for the diet of the population in medieval Leicester, Lincoln and other urban centres[13]. At Causeway Lane in Leicester, for example, cess-pits and other contexts yielded remains of apple, blackberry, damson, grape, plum and pear, while vegetables included bean, leek and pea. Domestic animals and fowl were augmented by sea fish and oysters[14]. The evidence of diet may be used to identify the various social groups of the town and their access to food, and, together with isotope analysis, may identify elements of the population born and brought up elsewhere. There are also many other aspects of economy, trade and craft that can be illuminated by the further study of this evidence, as has been suggested for Lincoln[15]. For the medieval urban centres, environmental analyses may be supported by isotopic and other scientific studies of human remains obtained from cemeteries and by documentary research. This research objective has the potential to be expanded to cover Roman and Saxon urban centres, this longer time-frame allowing for the use of data from rural and other sites which may be represented more sparsely in a narrower chronology[16].<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 1rem;color: #212529;font-family: Lato, sans-serif\" data-incom=\"P26\"><span style=\"font-weight: bolder\">Agenda topics addressed:<\/span>\u00a07.1.1; 7.1.2; 7.1.4; 7.5.6; 7.7.4; 7.7.5<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-info \" id=\"hotspot-hotspot-2251-38\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"hotspot-title\">Strategic Objective 7D<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 1rem;color: #212529;font-family: Lato, sans-serif\" data-incom=\"P33\"><em>Investigate further the role of markets, fairs and ports and trading routes\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 1rem;color: #212529;font-family: Lato, sans-serif\" data-incom=\"P34\"><span style=\"font-weight: bolder\">Summary:<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\" style=\"margin-bottom: 1em;color: #212529;font-family: Lato, sans-serif\">\n<figure class=\"alignright is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-504\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;border-style: none\" src=\"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7D_Strelley.jpg\" alt=\"A photo of two a man and a woman carved out of stone. The man is wearing armour and the woman is wearing a dress and cloak. The figures are lying on their backs, and are holding hands.\" width=\"380\" height=\"218\" \/><figcaption style=\"margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 1em;caption-side: bottom\">Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire alabaster was used widely for church monuments, such as this fine monument to Sir Sampson de Strelley (d.1390) and his wife (d.1405) that is preserved in All Saints Church, Strelley, Nottinghamshire (photograph: Richard Sheppard)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 1rem;color: #212529;font-family: Lato, sans-serif\" data-incom=\"P35\">Markets played a key role in the development of medieval towns[17], as demonstrated recently at Lincoln[18], and it has been suggested that regularised market places with their links to road networks and wharves may provide important evidence of early planning[19]. Coastal and inland ports and fairs performed broadly similar functions to markets and provided foci for communal economic and social activity on a regular basis. There is a need to focus inquiry on fairs and ports, which have generally been accorded little attention[20], and in particular upon such regionally important sites as the long-lived Lenton Fair[21] in Nottingham and the inland port at Boston in Lincolnshire[22]. There needs to be more targeting of deposits yielding environmental remains (particularly fish bones, which are especially poorly represented in the archaeological record). Excavations and landscape assessments could usefully be carried out alongside metal-detecting programmes, since port and fair sites in particular have traditionally served as foci for metal-detecting. In addition, further scientific analyses of pottery and other traded commodities such as building stone from quarries at Collyweston in Northamptonshire and Ketton in Rutland[23] or the internationally important alabaster of Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire[24] may shed further important light upon trading networks in Britain and beyond and assist in the identification of exchange foci.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 1rem;color: #212529;font-family: Lato, sans-serif\" data-incom=\"P36\"><span style=\"font-weight: bolder\">Agenda topics addressed:<\/span>\u00a07.1.1; 7.1.2; 7.1.4; 7.6.1; 7.6.4; 7.7.5<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-info \" id=\"hotspot-hotspot-2251-39\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"hotspot-title\">Strategic Objective 7E<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 1rem;color: #212529;font-family: Lato, sans-serif\" data-incom=\"P44\"><em>Investigate the morphology of rural settlements\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 1rem;color: #212529;font-family: Lato, sans-serif\" data-incom=\"P45\"><span style=\"font-weight: bolder\">Summary:<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\" style=\"margin-bottom: 1em;color: #212529;font-family: Lato, sans-serif\">\n<figure class=\"alignright is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-505\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;border-style: none\" src=\"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7E_West_Cotton.jpg\" alt=\"A photograph of a very large archaeological excavation, showing large and complex rectilinear structures following the floorplan of a large building.\" width=\"376\" height=\"287\" srcset=\"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7E_West_Cotton.jpg 1772w, https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7E_West_Cotton-300x229.jpg 300w, https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7E_West_Cotton-768x587.jpg 768w, https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7E_West_Cotton-1024x783.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7E_West_Cotton-800x612.jpg 800w, https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7E_West_Cotton-180x138.jpg 180w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 376px) 100vw, 376px\" \/><figcaption style=\"margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 1em;caption-side: bottom\">West Cotton, Northamptonshire: general view of excavations, showing the wall trenches of a 10th to late 11th century timber courtyard manor and in the foreground the leat feeding a mid-10th to 12th century watermill complex (Chapman 2010, Plate 4; reproduced by permission of Northamptonshire Archaeology)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 1rem;color: #212529;font-family: Lato, sans-serif\" data-incom=\"P46\">The East Midlands preserves evidence of a complex landscape, including zones dominated by a hierarchy of nucleated villages, hamlets and farmsteads, mainly in Northamptonshire, Lincolnshire, eastern Derbyshire and southern and eastern parts of Leicestershire and Nottinghamshire[25]. Away from these zones, landscapes are characterised by dispersed farmsteads and hamlets, notably in Charnwood, Whittlewood and Sherwood Forests, north and west Derbyshire, the Coal Measures of Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire, and the coastal marshes and fenlands of Lincolnshire. This spatial complexity has yet to be fully characterised or explained, and priorities for further work include assessment of the date of establishment of nucleated settlement, the date of origin of the region\u2019s many planned villages, and the factors underlying observed variations in settlement morphology[26]. Nucleated settlement appears to have developed, in some areas at least, no later than the ninth century[27], but the date of establishment of the more obviously planned villages remains unclear. Concentrations of royal estates in eastern Leicestershire, northern Nottinghamshire and north-west Derbyshire, documented in Domesday Book but acquired over a period of time, are suggested to have been a springboard for the development of planned villages during the eleventh century[28]. They particularly merit further detailed investigation by techniques such as test-pitting in gardens and open spaces in village cores, as has been undertaken at Kibworth, in Leicestershire[29] and as part of the Whittlewood project in south Northamptonshire and north Buckinghamshire[30].<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 1rem;color: #212529;font-family: Lato, sans-serif\" data-incom=\"P47\"><span style=\"font-weight: bolder\">Agenda topics addressed:<\/span>\u00a07.2.1-7.2.4; 7.5.4<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-info \" id=\"hotspot-hotspot-2251-40\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"hotspot-title\">Strategic Objective 7F<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 1rem;color: #212529;font-family: Lato, sans-serif\" data-incom=\"P53\"><em>Investigate the development, structure and landholdings of manorial estate centres\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 1rem;color: #212529;font-family: Lato, sans-serif\" data-incom=\"P54\"><span style=\"font-weight: bolder\">Summary:<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\" style=\"margin-bottom: 1em;color: #212529;font-family: Lato, sans-serif\">\n<figure class=\"alignright is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-506\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;border-style: none\" src=\"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7F_Padley-Hall.jpg\" alt=\"A photograph of stone ruins on a wooded hillside. Behind the ruins is an intact, two story, stone building with rectangular windows and an arched doorway.\" width=\"404\" height=\"345\" \/><figcaption style=\"margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 1em;caption-side: bottom\">Padley Hall, Hathersage, Derbyshire: surviving range of 14th century manorial hall, now in use as a chapel (photograph: Anna Badcock; reproduced by permission of ArcHeritage)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 1rem;color: #212529;font-family: Lato, sans-serif\" data-incom=\"P55\">Regional manorial centres, whether secular or lay, remain poorly investigated and merit further systematic study. The East Midlands preserves a rich resource of manorial sites, ranging in status from castles and granges to more modest establishments that, relative to neighbouring regions, are comparatively rarely moated[31]. Moated sites have received the greatest attention from researchers, and where excavated may preserve elaborate structural remains. Saxilby, for example, was provided with a timber hall and solar[32], while Epworth preserved an impressive stone-constructed complex[33]. The silted ditches of moated enclosures may also preserve waterlogged artefactual and environmental remains with significant potential for the reconstruction of past environments[34]. Non-moated sites have proved less attractive to archaeologists, with occasional exceptions such as Holyoak in Leicestershire, which preserved a two-storey main building of the thirteenth century[35]. The landholdings associated with these establishments have seldom been examined by excavation, although earthworks often survive well and in many cases have been the subject of field survey. It is recommended that the results of survey should in selected instances be tested by excavation. It is hoped that this will confirm the identity of features and clarify the chronology of manorial development, which in some instances may have roots in the pre-Conquest period.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 1rem;color: #212529;font-family: Lato, sans-serif\" data-incom=\"P56\"><span style=\"font-weight: bolder\">Agenda topics addressed:<\/span>\u00a07.2.1; 7.2.4; 7.3.1-7.3.5; 7.5.4; 7.7.3-7.7.5<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-info \" id=\"hotspot-hotspot-2251-41\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"hotspot-title\">Strategic Objective 7G<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 1rem;color: #212529;font-family: Lato, sans-serif\" data-incom=\"P64\"><em>Estates, architecture and power: investigate the relationship between castles and great houses and their estates\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 1rem;color: #212529;font-family: Lato, sans-serif\" data-incom=\"P65\"><span style=\"font-weight: bolder\">Summary:<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 1rem;color: #212529;font-family: Lato, sans-serif\" data-incom=\"P66\">The architecture of many castles and great houses is relatively well-known, but there remains a need to investigate the relationship between these structures and the estates in which they are located. For example, are particular forms of building plan associated with particular magnates, such as William Peverel of Derbyshire[36], and do the similarities encompass estate components and layout? There are over 250 castles in the region, many of which started as motte and bailey earthwork and timber fortifications in the late 11th and 12th centuries. The date of establishment of the earliest castles, which were important not only for their role in battle but also as visually dominating symbols of overlordship, has long been debated, and the possibility of pre-Conquest origins for some remains a topic for further research. The investigation of Barnard Castle points the way forward in castle and estate studies, emphasising the need to examine the estate core within the context of the estate lands, the wider countryside and the local community[37]. There have been several recent studies of castles in their wider environment[38], but the approach has yet to be applied to castles and manorial centres in the East Midlands.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 1rem;color: #212529;font-family: Lato, sans-serif\" data-incom=\"P67\"><span style=\"font-weight: bolder\">Agenda topics addressed:<\/span>\u00a07.1.1; 7.1.2; 7.3.5; 7.4.1; 7.4.5<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\" style=\"margin-bottom: 1em;color: #212529;font-family: Lato, sans-serif\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter is-resized\" style=\"margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 5px;clear: both\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-507\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;border-style: none\" src=\"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7Ga_Peveril_Castle.jpg\" alt=\"A photograph of a partly ruined stone tower on a grassy hillside. The outer surface of the tower is missing, and the material inside of the wall can be seen. Surrounding the tower can be seen stone walls, also partially ruined.\" width=\"443\" height=\"669\" srcset=\"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7Ga_Peveril_Castle.jpg 626w, https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7Ga_Peveril_Castle-199x300.jpg 199w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 443px) 100vw, 443px\" \/><figcaption style=\"margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 1em;caption-side: bottom\">Peveril Castle, Castleton, Derbyshire: late 12th century stone keep (above) (photograph: Richard Sheppard) and aerial view of the castle (left) (NMR20450\/18; SK1482\/39; 9\/11\/05; \u00a9 English Heritage. NMR). The latter shows the location of the keep atop the ridge dividing Cave Dale from the medieval town; Peak Cavern dissects this ridge and separates the eastern stone-walled bailey and keep from the ditch and rampart enclosing the western bailey (right of image)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\" style=\"margin-bottom: 1em;color: #212529;font-family: Lato, sans-serif\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter is-resized\" style=\"margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 5px;clear: both\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-508\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;border-style: none\" src=\"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7Gb_Peveril_AP.jpg\" alt=\"An aerial photograph of a square, stone building on a steep, grassy hillside. Around the building can be seen walls, and impressions in the ground of where walls or other structures once stood.\" width=\"448\" height=\"294\" srcset=\"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7Gb_Peveril_AP.jpg 2480w, https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7Gb_Peveril_AP-300x198.jpg 300w, https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7Gb_Peveril_AP-768x506.jpg 768w, https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7Gb_Peveril_AP-1024x674.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7Gb_Peveril_AP-800x527.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 448px) 100vw, 448px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-info \" id=\"hotspot-hotspot-2251-42\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"hotspot-title\">Strategic Objective 7H<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 1rem;color: #212529;font-family: Lato, sans-serif\" data-incom=\"P73\"><em>Investigate the location and character of medieval battlefields<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 1rem;color: #212529;font-family: Lato, sans-serif\" data-incom=\"P74\"><span style=\"font-weight: bolder\">Summary:<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\" style=\"margin-bottom: 1em;color: #212529;font-family: Lato, sans-serif\">\n<figure class=\"alignright is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-509\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;border-style: none\" src=\"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7H_Bosworth.jpg\" alt=\"A map showing the distribution of features. Shot finds are concentrated in a small area, while more general battle-related finds are spread more widely.\" width=\"397\" height=\"359\" srcset=\"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7H_Bosworth.jpg 2215w, https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7H_Bosworth-300x272.jpg 300w, https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7H_Bosworth-768x697.jpg 768w, https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7H_Bosworth-1024x929.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7H_Bosworth-800x726.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 397px) 100vw, 397px\" \/><figcaption style=\"margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 1em;caption-side: bottom\">The Battle of Bosworth (1485): interim plan, showing the distribution of lead munitions and other battle-related artefacts in relation to the main terrain features (British Archaeology 112, 2010, 29; reproduced by permission of Glenn Foard and British Archaeology)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 1rem;color: #212529;font-family: Lato, sans-serif\" data-incom=\"P75\">Medieval battlefield sites have long remained the preserve of the local historian more concerned and more familiar with documentary evidence than the landscape. Aside from castle sites that acted as foci for military actions, the region preserves a number of important battlefield sites that would repay further investigations. These include two key battlefields of the Wars of the Roses: a period which has been identified as a key focus of archaeological interest (in particular for evidence of the introduction of gunpowder weapons in England)[39]. The first is the pivotal Battle of Bosworth in Leicestershire, where Henry VII\u2019s defeat of Richard III in 1485 marks the beginning of the Tudor period[40]. The second is Stoke Field in Nottinghamshire, marginally beyond this period, where in 1487 Henry VII\u2019s forces crushed a Yorkist rebellion[41]. At both of these sites, the evidence for the locations of battlefields would benefit from careful reviews of documentary sources and of the topographical and archaeological evidence (primarily in the form of unstratified artefact scatters and mass graves)[42]. Direct archaeological investigations of battle archaeology through metal detecting, as demonstrated at Bosworth[43] and Towton[44], should be undertaken. Prospecting for mass graves through geophysical survey and excavation should also be considered.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 1rem;color: #212529;font-family: Lato, sans-serif\" data-incom=\"P76\"><span style=\"font-weight: bolder\">Agenda topic addressed:<\/span>\u00a07.4.6<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-info \" id=\"hotspot-hotspot-2251-43\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"hotspot-title\">Strategic Objective 7I<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 1rem;color: #212529;font-family: Lato, sans-serif\" data-incom=\"P84\"><em>Investigate the development of the open-field system and medieval woodland management\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 1rem;color: #212529;font-family: Lato, sans-serif\" data-incom=\"P85\"><span style=\"font-weight: bolder\">Summary:<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\" style=\"margin-bottom: 1em;color: #212529;font-family: Lato, sans-serif\">\n<figure class=\"alignright is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-510\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;border-style: none\" src=\"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7Ia_White_Cross.jpg\" alt=\"A photograph of a stone cross, standing in a grassy field, under a tree. There is another, engraved cross at the top of the pillar.\" width=\"275\" height=\"413\" srcset=\"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7Ia_White_Cross.jpg 2304w, https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7Ia_White_Cross-200x300.jpg 200w, https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7Ia_White_Cross-768x1152.jpg 768w, https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7Ia_White_Cross-683x1024.jpg 683w, https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7Ia_White_Cross-800x1200.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 275px) 100vw, 275px\" \/><figcaption style=\"margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 1em;caption-side: bottom\">The White Cross: a unique survival of a medieval forest boundary cross, mentioned in a 1299 perambulation of the forest. The cross stands on the boundary between the Northamptonshire townships of King`s Cliffe and Blatherwycke (photograph \u00a9 Glenn Foard; see Foard et al 2009, 21)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 1rem;color: #212529;font-family: Lato, sans-serif\" data-incom=\"P86\">The origins of the open-field system have long attracted discussion, and are nowhere better addressed than in the East Midlands[45]. Large areas of the lowland zone were dominated in this period by unhedged open fields rotating between arable and pasture and, particularly in Leicestershire and Northamptonshire, ridge and furrow earthworks remain important elements of the landscape character. The only English village where open-field farming is still conducted under the guidance of a court leet is to be found at Laxton in Nottinghamshire[46], and detailed surveys here and elsewhere have enhanced significantly our understanding of the origins of this flexible and long-lived agricultural system, developments over time, and the relationship between arable, pasture and woodland[47]. Fieldwalking[48], targeted excavation, and earthwork, geophysical, air photographic and lidar surveys can elucidate the origins and development of field systems and their relationship to earlier systems of land allotment[49], and should be encouraged. There is also much potential for further investigations of woodland, including hunting parks, by documentary research, earthwork surveys and remote sensing. Studies have been undertaken of Rockingham Forest[50] and of Leicestershire[51] and Lincolnshire[52] woodlands. Building upon these, further work should aim to integrate documentary and landscape evidence, with emphasis upon the evidence for former management and exploitation, access and changing boundaries. There is also a need to compare and contrast the information on woodland management and exploitation in the Champion lands with that in less favoured upland areas. Woodlands offer particular opportunities for a wide range of local fieldwork as well as potential partnerships with the Woodland Trust, National Trust and community groups, which are often concerned with the amenity value of woodlands.<\/p>\n<p data-incom=\"P86\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-511 alignnone\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;border-style: none;color: #212529;font-family: Lato, sans-serif\" src=\"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7Ib_Borough-Hill-ridge-and-furrow.jpg\" alt=\"A photograph of a green field, in a rural landscape. In the field can be seen a clear area of parallel ridges, extending for approximately 100 metres in both width and depth.\" width=\"517\" height=\"268\" srcset=\"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7Ib_Borough-Hill-ridge-and-furrow.jpg 2832w, https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7Ib_Borough-Hill-ridge-and-furrow-300x155.jpg 300w, https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7Ib_Borough-Hill-ridge-and-furrow-768x398.jpg 768w, https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7Ib_Borough-Hill-ridge-and-furrow-1024x530.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7Ib_Borough-Hill-ridge-and-furrow-800x414.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 517px) 100vw, 517px\" \/><\/p>\n<p data-incom=\"P86\"><span style=\"color: #212529;font-family: Lato, sans-serif\">Ridge and furrow earthworks preserved in pasture outside Burrough Hill hillfort, Leicestershire (photograph: D. Knight)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 1rem;color: #212529;font-family: Lato, sans-serif\" data-incom=\"P87\"><span style=\"font-weight: bolder\">Agenda topics addressed:<\/span>\u00a07.2.1; 7.2.2; 7.3.2; 7.5.4; 7.7.1-7.7.3<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-info \" id=\"hotspot-hotspot-2251-44\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"hotspot-title\">Strategic Objective 7J<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hotspot-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 1rem;color: #212529;font-family: Lato, sans-serif\" data-incom=\"P96\"><em>Research the regional communications infrastructure<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 1rem;color: #212529;font-family: Lato, sans-serif\" data-incom=\"P97\"><span style=\"font-weight: bolder\">Summary:<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 1rem;color: #212529;font-family: Lato, sans-serif\" data-incom=\"P98\">The medieval period is important for the study of communication routes, which may well have varied in importance from one time to another and intra-regionally[53]. The physical infrastructure, comprising roads, rivers and related appurtenances such as bridges and wharfs, and associations of these with landscape features, are under-investigated. In addition, the evidence that pottery and other artefacts can provide for the use of inland and coastal waterways such as the Trent and Nene has also not been maximised[54]. At Hemington Quarry near Castle Donington, Leicestershire, three phases of timber and stone bridge piers dated to 1090, 1215 and 1238 respectively have been recorded and fully investigated during gravel extraction in the river floodplain[55]. Such investigations are rare, however, and many communications features are not listed in Historic Environment Records. Landscape features, such as hollow-ways, fords and bypassed stretches of major and minor highways, also remain little researched, while roads are seldom accorded archaeological excavation[56].<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 1rem;color: #212529;font-family: Lato, sans-serif\" data-incom=\"P99\"><span style=\"font-weight: bolder\">Agenda topics addressed:<\/span>\u00a07.1.2; 7.1.4; 7.6.1; 7.6.2; 7.7.5<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Click&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/research-agenda\/7-high-medieval\/\">here<\/a>&nbsp;to see details of agenda themes and topics for this period.<\/li><li>For more information about each Research Objective, select from the links below:<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><a href=\"#7A\">7A <\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"#7B\">7B <\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"#7C\">7C <\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"#7D\">7D <\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"#7E\">7E <\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"#7F\">7F <\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"#7G\">7G <\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"#7H\">7H <\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"#7I\">7I <\/a><\/td><td><a href=\"#7J\">7J <\/a><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<a name=\"7A\"><p class=\"has-text-color has-vivid-red-color\"><strong>Strategic Objective 7A<\/strong><br><\/p><\/a>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Undertake syntheses of urban excavation, survey and documentary data to develop understanding of town development&nbsp;<\/em><br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Summary:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7A_Lincoln.jpg\" alt=\"A map of a settlement, showing a rectangular walled city to the north, and several more irregular settlements to the south.\" class=\"wp-image-501\" width=\"313\" height=\"420\" srcset=\"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7A_Lincoln.jpg 1390w, https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7A_Lincoln-223x300.jpg 223w, https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7A_Lincoln-768x1032.jpg 768w, https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7A_Lincoln-762x1024.jpg 762w, https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7A_Lincoln-800x1075.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 313px) 100vw, 313px\" \/><figcaption>Lincoln in the period from c.900 to c.1350, showing its principal elements (Jones et al 2003, Fig 9.1; reproduced by permission of the authors)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The East Midlands is particularly important as the location for the establishment in the ninth and tenth centuries of the five defended towns at Derby, Leicester, Lincoln, Nottingham and Stamford (the celebrated Five Boroughs of the Danelaw)[1], together with Northampton[2]. These centres continued as major urban foci into the Post-Conquest period, which saw also the development of a range of smaller towns[3]. Archaeological excavation has been undertaken to a varying extent in these larger towns, but much less so in the smaller urban settlements, and the emerging knowledge remains fragmentary[4]. Syntheses of the results of excavation, successfully completed for Lincoln[5], remain largely absent elsewhere, while comparative data and detail are lacking on key ceramic assemblages crucial for developing regional chronological frameworks and for elucidating trading networks. Better understanding is needed of the development of urban centres and the nature and variations of industrial and economic activity. Completion of Urban Archaeological Databases for major centres, comparable to those developed for Lincoln, Leicester and Nottingham, is an urgent requirement in order to provide a foundation for further research and to assist in understanding the existing evidence[6].<br><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Agenda topics addressed:<\/strong> 7.1.1-7.1.4; 7.4.1; 7.4.4; 7.4.5; 7.5.3-7.5.6; 7.6.1; 7.6.3; 7.6.4; 7.7.4; 7.7.5<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Archaeology of the East Midlands:<\/strong> 7, 210-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Other research frameworks:<\/strong> <br>EH Thematic Research Strategy for the Urban Historical Environment 2010: Priorities UR1 (Synthesis of developer-funded research), UR2 (Urban characterisation) and UR 3 (Survival of early form and fabric in historic towns)<br>EH Thematic Research Strategy for the Historic Industrial Environment 2010: Priority IND1 (Origins of industrialisation: understanding early industry)<br>Medieval Pottery Research Group 2011, 22 (Priority A7) and 34-35, especially Research Aims EM 12 (Leicester) and EM 22-23 (Nottingham)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>References:<\/strong><br>[1] Hall, R A 1985 &#8216;The Five Boroughs of the Danelaw: A review of present knowledge&#8217;. Anglo-Saxon England 18, 149-206<br>[2] Williams, J 1977 &#8216;The early development of the town of Northampton&#8217; in Dornier, A (ed) Mercian Studies. Leicester: Leicester University Press, 131-152<br>[3] Beckett, J V 1988 The East Midlands from AD 1000. London: Longman, 53-67, 89-98<br>[4] Lewis, C 2006 &#8216;The medieval period&#8217; in The Archaeology of the East Midlands, 188-189.<br>[5] Jones, M J, Stocker, D and Vince, A 2003 The City by the Pool: Assessing the Archaeology of the City of Lincoln. Oxford: Oxbow Books<br>[6] Cooper, N J and Clay, P 2006 &#8216;The national and regional context of the research framework&#8217; in The Archaeology of the East Midlands, 5-7<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-vivid-red-color wp-block-paragraph\"><a name=\"7B\"><p class=\"has-text-color has-vivid-red-color\"><strong>Strategic Objective 7B<\/strong><br><\/p><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Enhance the record of urban and suburban secular standing buildings and associated subterranean structures&nbsp;<\/em><br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Summary:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7B_Lincoln_Jews_Hse.jpg\" alt=\"A photo of a stone house with distinctive semi-circular structures over the windows and doors.\" class=\"wp-image-502\" width=\"378\" height=\"246\" srcset=\"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7B_Lincoln_Jews_Hse.jpg 964w, https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7B_Lincoln_Jews_Hse-300x196.jpg 300w, https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7B_Lincoln_Jews_Hse-768x502.jpg 768w, https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7B_Lincoln_Jews_Hse-800x523.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 378px) 100vw, 378px\" \/><figcaption>Jew`s House, Steep Hill, Lincoln: a rare survival of a two-storied stone house of the later 12th century (photograph: Richard Sheppard)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Surviving medieval urban secular buildings are few in number within the region, and are perhaps best represented by a variety of well-preserved buildings of twelfth century and later date surviving in Lincoln[7][8]. Dendrochronology[9] and detailed investigations of building plans can contribute significantly to our knowledge of the date and status of individual buildings, and cumulatively can contribute to greater understanding of the history and character of urban development. These techniques can usefully be combined with surveys and documentary studies of associated cellars, caves and other subterranean structures, which at Nottingham in particular have the potential for developing further our understanding of urban morphology and functions[10]. A review of urban and suburban standing buildings with the potential to contain medieval structural elements, and of associated subterranean structures, is recommended in order to enhance current Urban Archaeological Databases[11] and Historic Environment Records[12]. This will provide the basic information that is required to inform planning decisions and to guide the application of appropriate research techniques.<br><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Agenda topics addressed:<\/strong> 7.1.1-7.1.4; 7.6.4<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Archaeology of the East Midlands:<\/strong> 211, 216<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Other research frameworks:<\/strong><br>EH Thematic Research Strategy for the Urban Historic Environment 2010: Priorities UR2 (Urban characterisation) and UR3 (Survival of early form and fabric in historic towns)<br>EH National Heritage Science Strategy Report 2 2009: Sections 4.2.1 (Chronology) and 4.5.1 (Detecting and imaging)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>References:<\/strong><br>[7] Jones, R R, Major, K and Varley, J 1984 Survey of Ancient Houses 1 to 3. Lincoln: Lincoln Civic Trust<br>[8] Jones, S R, Major, K, Varley, J et al 1996 Survey of Ancient Houses 4. Lincoln: Lincoln Civic Trust<br>[9] Arnold, A J, Howard, R E, Laxton, R R et al 2002 The Urban Development of Newark-on-Trent: A Dendrochronological Approach (English Heritage Centre for Archaeology Report 95\/2002). English Heritage; Hurford, M, Jones, M and Tyers, C 2010 &#8216;Tree-ring dating and the historical and social contexts of timber-frame buildings, Norwell, Nottinghamshire&#8217;. Transactions of the Thoroton Society 114, 31-62<br>[10] Hamilton, A 2004 Nottingham&#8217;s Caves. Nottingham: Nottingham Civic Society; Waltham, T 2008 Sandstone Caves of Nottingham. Nottingham: East Midlands Geological Society; see also Objective 8B and Nottingham Caves Survey (http:\/\/www.nottinghamcavessurvey.org.uk).<br>[11] eg Jones, M J, Stocker, D and Vince, A 2003 The City by the Pool: Assessing the Archaeology of the City of Lincoln. Oxford: Oxbow Books<br>[12] Cooper, N J and Clay, P 2006 &#8216;The national and regional context of the research framework&#8217; in The Archaeology of the East Midlands, 7<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-vivid-red-color wp-block-paragraph\"><a name=\"7C\"><p class=\"has-text-color has-vivid-red-color\"><strong>Strategic Objective 7C<\/strong><br><\/p><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Investigate the provisioning of the medieval town by further detailed study of environmental data and human remains<\/em><br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Summary:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7C_Fishergate_kiln.jpg\" alt=\"A photo of an archaeological excavation, showing post holes and a large area of burnt material.\" class=\"wp-image-503\" width=\"316\" height=\"476\" srcset=\"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7C_Fishergate_kiln.jpg 628w, https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7C_Fishergate_kiln-199x300.jpg 199w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 316px) 100vw, 316px\" \/><figcaption>Fisher Gate, Nottingham: excavations revealed the remains of a corn-drying kiln dating from around 1200. This had burnt down and yielded an abundance of charred emmer wheat along with burnt wood and daub (photograph \u00a9 Nottingham City Museums)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The increasing use of cess-pits in medieval towns means that there is extensive evidence for the diet of the population in medieval Leicester, Lincoln and other urban centres[13]. At Causeway Lane in Leicester, for example, cess-pits and other contexts yielded remains of apple, blackberry, damson, grape, plum and pear, while vegetables included bean, leek and pea. Domestic animals and fowl were augmented by sea fish and oysters[14]. The evidence of diet may be used to identify the various social groups of the town and their access to food, and, together with isotope analysis, may identify elements of the population born and brought up elsewhere. There are also many other aspects of economy, trade and craft that can be illuminated by the further study of this evidence, as has been suggested for Lincoln[15]. For the medieval urban centres, environmental analyses may be supported by isotopic and other scientific studies of human remains obtained from cemeteries and by documentary research. This research objective has the potential to be expanded to cover Roman and Saxon urban centres, this longer time-frame allowing for the use of data from rural and other sites which may be represented more sparsely in a narrower chronology[16].<br><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Agenda topics addressed:<\/strong> 7.1.1; 7.1.2; 7.1.4; 7.5.6; 7.7.4; 7.7.5<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Archaeology of the East Midlands:<\/strong> 211, 283<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Other research frameworks:<\/strong><br>EH Thematic Research Strategy for the Urban Historic Environment 2010: Priorities UR1 (Synthesis of developer-funded research) and UR2 (Urban characterisation)<br>EH National Heritage Science Strategy Report 2 2009: Section 3.3.1 (People and environment)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>References:<\/strong><br>[13] Monckton, A 2006 &#8216;Environmental archaeology in the East Midlands&#8217; in The Archaeology of the East Midlands, 281-283<br>[14] Connor, A and Buckley, R 1999 Roman and Medieval Occupation at Causeway Lane (University of Leicester Archaeology Monograph 5). Leicester: University of Leicester<br>[15] Stocker, D 2003 &#8216;The archaeological agenda: An introduction to the Research Agenda Zone entries&#8217; in Jones, M J Stocker, D and Vince, A (eds) The City By The Pool: Assessing the Archaeology of the City of Lincoln. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 297-299<br>[16] Monckton 2006, 284-286<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-vivid-red-color wp-block-paragraph\"><a name=\"7D\"><p class=\"has-text-color has-vivid-red-color\"><strong>Strategic Objective 7D<\/strong><br><\/p><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Investigate further the role of markets, fairs and ports and trading routes&nbsp;<\/em><br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Summary:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7D_Strelley.jpg\" alt=\"A photo of two a man and a woman carved out of stone. The man is wearing armour and the woman is wearing a dress and cloak. The figures are lying on their backs, and are holding hands.\" class=\"wp-image-504\" width=\"380\" height=\"218\" \/><figcaption>Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire alabaster was used widely for church monuments, such as this fine monument to Sir Sampson de Strelley (d.1390) and his wife (d.1405) that is preserved in All Saints Church, Strelley, Nottinghamshire (photograph: Richard Sheppard)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Markets played a key role in the development of medieval towns[17], as demonstrated recently at Lincoln[18], and it has been suggested that regularised market places with their links to road networks and wharves may provide important evidence of early planning[19]. Coastal and inland ports and fairs performed broadly similar functions to markets and provided foci for communal economic and social activity on a regular basis. There is a need to focus inquiry on fairs and ports, which have generally been accorded little attention[20], and in particular upon such regionally important sites as the long-lived Lenton Fair[21] in Nottingham and the inland port at Boston in Lincolnshire[22]. There needs to be more targeting of deposits yielding environmental remains (particularly fish bones, which are especially poorly represented in the archaeological record). Excavations and landscape assessments could usefully be carried out alongside metal-detecting programmes, since port and fair sites in particular have traditionally served as foci for metal-detecting. In addition, further scientific analyses of pottery and other traded commodities such as building stone from quarries at Collyweston in Northamptonshire and Ketton in Rutland[23] or the internationally important alabaster of Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire[24] may shed further important light upon trading networks in Britain and beyond and assist in the identification of exchange foci.<br><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Agenda topics addressed:<\/strong> 7.1.1; 7.1.2; 7.1.4; 7.6.1; 7.6.4; 7.7.5<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Archaeology of the East Midlands:<\/strong> 211, 283<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Other research frameworks:<\/strong><br>EH Thematic Research Strategy for the Urban Historic Environment 2010: Coastal towns and historic ports (UR6); Survival of early form and fabric in historic towns (UR3)<br>EH National Heritage Science Strategy Report 2 2009: Sections 3.3.1 (People and environment) and 3.4.1 (Understanding materials)<br>Medieval Pottery Research Group 2011, 22-23 (Research Priority A8); see also regional priorities: 34-35<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>References:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[17] Beckett, J V 1988 The East Midlands from AD 1000. London: Longman, 53-67<br>[18] Stocker, D 2003 &#8216;The High Medieval Era &#8211; the archaeological agenda. An introduction to the Research Agenda Zone entries&#8217; in Jones, M J, Stocker, D and Vince, A The City By The Pool: Assessing the Archaeology of the City of Lincoln. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 297<br>[19] Stocker 2003, 297<br>[20] Lewis, C 2006 &#8216;The medieval period&#8217; in The Archaeology of the East Midlands, 190, 211<br>[21] Beckett, J V (ed) 2006 A Centenary History of Nottingham. Chichester: Phillimore, 69, 97, 133, 145; Grieg, P 1992 &#8216;The layout of Lenton fairground, 1516&#8217;. Transactions of the Thoroton Society 96, 130-134<br>[22] Lewis 2006, 211; Beckett 1988, 70-71<br>[23] Lewis 2006, 206<br>[24] Stocker, D 2006 England&#8217;s Landscapes: The East Midlands. London: Collins, 170-171<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-vivid-red-color wp-block-paragraph\"><a name=\"7E\"><p class=\"has-text-color has-vivid-red-color\"><strong>Strategic Objective 7E<\/strong><br><\/p><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Investigate the morphology of rural settlements&nbsp;<\/em><br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Summary:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7E_West_Cotton.jpg\" alt=\"A photograph of a very large archaeological excavation, showing large and complex rectilinear structures following the floorplan of a large building.\" class=\"wp-image-505\" width=\"376\" height=\"287\" srcset=\"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7E_West_Cotton.jpg 1772w, https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7E_West_Cotton-300x229.jpg 300w, https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7E_West_Cotton-768x587.jpg 768w, https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7E_West_Cotton-1024x783.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7E_West_Cotton-800x612.jpg 800w, https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7E_West_Cotton-180x138.jpg 180w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 376px) 100vw, 376px\" \/><figcaption>West Cotton, Northamptonshire: general view of excavations, showing the wall trenches of a 10th to late 11th century timber courtyard manor and in the foreground the leat feeding a mid-10th to 12th century watermill complex (Chapman 2010, Plate 4; reproduced by permission of Northamptonshire Archaeology)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The East Midlands preserves evidence of a complex landscape, including zones dominated by a hierarchy of nucleated villages, hamlets and farmsteads, mainly in Northamptonshire, Lincolnshire, eastern Derbyshire and southern and eastern parts of Leicestershire and Nottinghamshire[25]. Away from these zones, landscapes are characterised by dispersed farmsteads and hamlets, notably in Charnwood, Whittlewood and Sherwood Forests, north and west Derbyshire, the Coal Measures of Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire, and the coastal marshes and fenlands of Lincolnshire. This spatial complexity has yet to be fully characterised or explained, and priorities for further work include assessment of the date of establishment of nucleated settlement, the date of origin of the region&#8217;s many planned villages, and the factors underlying observed variations in settlement morphology[26]. Nucleated settlement appears to have developed, in some areas at least, no later than the ninth century[27], but the date of establishment of the more obviously planned villages remains unclear. Concentrations of royal estates in eastern Leicestershire, northern Nottinghamshire and north-west Derbyshire, documented in Domesday Book but acquired over a period of time, are suggested to have been a springboard for the development of planned villages during the eleventh century[28]. They particularly merit further detailed investigation by techniques such as test-pitting in gardens and open spaces in village cores, as has been undertaken at Kibworth, in Leicestershire[29] and as part of the Whittlewood project in south Northamptonshire and north Buckinghamshire[30].<br><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Agenda topics addressed:<\/strong> 7.2.1-7.2.4; 7.5.4<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Archaeology of the East Midlands:<\/strong> 211-212<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>References:<\/strong><br>[25] eg Chapman, A 2010 West Cotton, Raunds. A Study of Medieval Settlement Dynamics AD 450-1450. Oxford: Oxbow Books<br>[26] Lewis, C 2006 &#8216;The medieval period&#8217; in The Archaeology of the East Midlands, 190-193<br>[27] Rippon, S 2007 &#8216;Emerging regional variation in historic landscape character: The possible significance of the <code>long eighth century<\/code>&#8216; in Gardiner, M and Rippon, S (eds) Medieval Landscapes: Landscape History After Hoskins. Macclesfield: Windgather Press, 118; Lewis, C, Mitchell-Fox, P and Dyer, C 1996 Village, Hamlet and Field: Changing Medieval Settlements in Central England. Macclesfield: Windgather Press, 202-23<br>[28] Roberts, B K 2008. Landscapes, Documents and Maps: Villages in Northern England and Beyond, AD 900-1250. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 280<br>[29] http:\/\/www.access.arch.cam.ac.uk\/reports\/leicestershire\/kibworth; Wood, M 2010 The Story of England. London: Penguin<br>[30] Jones, R and Page, M 2006 Medieval Villages in an English Landscape. Beginnings and Ends. Macclesfield: Windgather Press<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-vivid-red-color wp-block-paragraph\"><a name=\"7F\"><p class=\"has-text-color has-vivid-red-color\"><strong>Strategic Objective 7F<\/strong><br><\/p><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Investigate the development, structure and landholdings of manorial estate centres&nbsp;<\/em><br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Summary:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7F_Padley-Hall.jpg\" alt=\"A photograph of stone ruins on a wooded hillside. Behind the ruins is an intact, two story, stone building with rectangular windows and an arched doorway.\" class=\"wp-image-506\" width=\"404\" height=\"345\" \/><figcaption>Padley Hall, Hathersage, Derbyshire: surviving range of 14th century manorial hall, now in use as a chapel (photograph: Anna Badcock; reproduced by permission of ArcHeritage)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Regional manorial centres, whether secular or lay, remain poorly investigated and merit further systematic study. The East Midlands preserves a rich resource of manorial sites, ranging in status from castles and granges to more modest establishments that, relative to neighbouring regions, are comparatively rarely moated[31]. Moated sites have received the greatest attention from researchers, and where excavated may preserve elaborate structural remains. Saxilby, for example, was provided with a timber hall and solar[32], while Epworth preserved an impressive stone-constructed complex[33]. The silted ditches of moated enclosures may also preserve waterlogged artefactual and environmental remains with significant potential for the reconstruction of past environments[34]. Non-moated sites have proved less attractive to archaeologists, with occasional exceptions such as Holyoak in Leicestershire, which preserved a two-storey main building of the thirteenth century[35]. The landholdings associated with these establishments have seldom been examined by excavation, although earthworks often survive well and in many cases have been the subject of field survey. It is recommended that the results of survey should in selected instances be tested by excavation. It is hoped that this will confirm the identity of features and clarify the chronology of manorial development, which in some instances may have roots in the pre-Conquest period.<br><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Agenda topics addressed:<\/strong> 7.2.1; 7.2.4; 7.3.1-7.3.5; 7.5.4; 7.7.3-7.7.5<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Archaeology of the East Midlands:<\/strong> 212-21, 283<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Other research frameworks:<\/strong> EH National Heritage Science Strategy Report 2 2009: Section 3.3.1 (People and environment)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>References:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[31] Lewis, C 2006 &#8216;The medieval period&#8217; in The Archaeology of the East Midlands, 193-194<br>[32] Whitwell, J B 1969 &#8216;Excavations of the site of a moated medieval manor house in the parish of Saxilby, Lincolnshire&#8217; Journal of the British Archaeological Association 32, 135-142<br>[33] Hayfield, C 1984 &#8216;Excavations of the site of the Mowbray manor house at the Vinegarth, Epworth, Lincolnshire, 1970-1976&#8217;. Lincolnshire History and Archaeology 19, 5-28<br>[34] Hazell, Z and Robison, D E 2011 Moats, Ponds and Ornamental Lakes in the Historic Environment. Swindon: English Heritage<br>[35] Brown, G 1973 &#8216;Medieval manor of Holyoak&#8217; in McWhirr, A &#8216;Archaeology in Leicestershire and Rutland 1970-1972&#8217;. Transactions of the Leicestershire Archaeological and Historical Society 47, 70<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-vivid-red-color wp-block-paragraph\"><a name=\"7G\"><p class=\"has-text-color has-vivid-red-color\"><strong>Strategic Objective 7G<\/strong><br><\/p><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Estates, architecture and power: investigate the relationship between castles and great houses and their estates&nbsp;<\/em><br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Summary:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The architecture of many castles and great houses is relatively well-known, but there remains a need to investigate the relationship between these structures and the estates in which they are located. For example, are particular forms of building plan associated with particular magnates, such as William Peverel of Derbyshire[36], and do the similarities encompass estate components and layout? There are over 250 castles in the region, many of which started as motte and bailey earthwork and timber fortifications in the late 11th and 12th centuries. The date of establishment of the earliest castles, which were important not only for their role in battle but also as visually dominating symbols of overlordship, has long been debated, and the possibility of pre-Conquest origins for some remains a topic for further research. The investigation of Barnard Castle points the way forward in castle and estate studies, emphasising the need to examine the estate core within the context of the estate lands, the wider countryside and the local community[37]. There have been several recent studies of castles in their wider environment[38], but the approach has yet to be applied to castles and manorial centres in the East Midlands.<br><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Agenda topics addressed:<\/strong> 7.1.1; 7.1.2; 7.3.5; 7.4.1; 7.4.5<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7Ga_Peveril_Castle.jpg\" alt=\"A photograph of a partly ruined stone tower on a grassy hillside. The outer surface of the tower is missing, and the material inside of the wall can be seen. Surrounding the tower can be seen stone walls, also partially ruined.\" class=\"wp-image-507\" width=\"443\" height=\"669\" srcset=\"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7Ga_Peveril_Castle.jpg 626w, https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7Ga_Peveril_Castle-199x300.jpg 199w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 443px) 100vw, 443px\" \/><figcaption>Peveril Castle, Castleton, Derbyshire: late 12th century stone keep (above) (photograph: Richard Sheppard) and aerial view of the castle (left) (NMR20450\/18; SK1482\/39; 9\/11\/05; \u00a9 English Heritage. NMR). The latter shows the location of the keep atop the ridge dividing Cave Dale from the medieval town; Peak Cavern dissects this ridge and separates the eastern stone-walled bailey and keep from the ditch and rampart enclosing the western bailey (right of image)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7Gb_Peveril_AP.jpg\" alt=\"An aerial photograph of a square, stone building on a steep, grassy hillside. Around the building can be seen walls, and impressions in the ground of where walls or other structures once stood.\" class=\"wp-image-508\" width=\"448\" height=\"294\" srcset=\"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7Gb_Peveril_AP.jpg 2480w, https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7Gb_Peveril_AP-300x198.jpg 300w, https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7Gb_Peveril_AP-768x506.jpg 768w, https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7Gb_Peveril_AP-1024x674.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7Gb_Peveril_AP-800x527.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 448px) 100vw, 448px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>References:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[36] Associated with the Norman castles at Bolsover and Castleton in Derbyshire and Castle Rock, Nottingham: Beckett, J V 1988. The East Midlands from AD 1000. London: Longman, 25-26, 58; Hart, C 1981. The North Derbyshire Archaeological Survey. Chesterfield: North Derbyshire Archaeological Trust, 145, 148; Hart, C R 1988 Bolsover. A Town is Born: its Origins, Change and Continuity. Bolsover: Bolsover District Council<br>[37] Austin, D 2007 Acts of Perception: A Study of Barnard Castle in Teesdale (Archaeological and Architectural Society of Durham and Northumberland Research Report 6). Archaeological and Architectural Society of Durham and Northumberland; Stocker, D 2008 &#8216;Review article&#8217;. Landscapes 9, 82-85<br>[38] Liddiard, R 2005 Castles in Context: Power, Symbolism and Landscape, 1066-1500. Macclesfield: Windgather Press<br>Peveril Castle, Castleton, Derbyshire and aerial view of the castle <br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-vivid-red-color wp-block-paragraph\"><a name=\"7H\"><p class=\"has-text-color has-vivid-red-color\"><strong>Strategic Objective 7H<\/strong><br><\/p><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Investigate the location and character of medieval battlefields<\/em>&nbsp;<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Summary:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7H_Bosworth.jpg\" alt=\"A map showing the distribution of features. Shot finds are concentrated in a small area, while more general battle-related finds are spread more widely.\" class=\"wp-image-509\" width=\"397\" height=\"359\" srcset=\"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7H_Bosworth.jpg 2215w, https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7H_Bosworth-300x272.jpg 300w, https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7H_Bosworth-768x697.jpg 768w, https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7H_Bosworth-1024x929.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7H_Bosworth-800x726.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 397px) 100vw, 397px\" \/><figcaption>The Battle of Bosworth (1485): interim plan, showing the distribution of lead munitions and other battle-related artefacts in relation to the main terrain features (British Archaeology 112, 2010, 29; reproduced by permission of Glenn Foard and British Archaeology)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Medieval battlefield sites have long remained the preserve of the local historian more concerned and more familiar with documentary evidence than the landscape. Aside from castle sites that acted as foci for military actions, the region preserves a number of important battlefield sites that would repay further investigations. These include two key battlefields of the Wars of the Roses: a period which has been identified as a key focus of archaeological interest (in particular for evidence of the introduction of gunpowder weapons in England)[39]. The first is the pivotal Battle of Bosworth in Leicestershire, where Henry VII&#8217;s defeat of Richard III in 1485 marks the beginning of the Tudor period[40]. The second is Stoke Field in Nottinghamshire, marginally beyond this period, where in 1487 Henry VII&#8217;s forces crushed a Yorkist rebellion[41]. At both of these sites, the evidence for the locations of battlefields would benefit from careful reviews of documentary sources and of the topographical and archaeological evidence (primarily in the form of unstratified artefact scatters and mass graves)[42]. Direct archaeological investigations of battle archaeology through metal detecting, as demonstrated at Bosworth[43] and Towton[44], should be undertaken. Prospecting for mass graves through geophysical survey and excavation should also be considered.<br><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Agenda topic addressed:<\/strong> 7.4.6<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Archaeology of the East Midlands:<\/strong> 196, 213<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Other research frameworks:<\/strong> Foard, G 2008 Conflict in the Pre-Industrial Landscape of England: a Resource Assessment. University of Leeds, 265-269<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>References:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[39] Foard 2008, 269: Section 7.14<br>[40] Foard 2008, 100-104; Foard, G R and Curry, A 2013 Bosworth: A Battlefield Rediscovered. Oxford: Oxbow Books. See also: http:\/\/www.bosworthbattlefield.com\/<br>[41] Bishop, M 1987 The Battle of East Stoke 1487. Nottingham: Nottinghamshire County Council<br>[42] Foard 2008, 24-59; eg Stoke Field mass graves: Foard 2008, 52-53, Fig 14<br>[43] Foard 2008, 100-104; Foard, G 2010 &#8216;Discovering Bosworth&#8217;. British Archaeology 112, 26-31 (revised plans in Foard and Curry, 2013)<br>[44] Sutherland, T L and Schmidt, A 2003 &#8216;Towton, 1461: An integrated approach to battlefield archaeology&#8217;. Landscapes 4, 15-25<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-vivid-red-color wp-block-paragraph\"><a name=\"7I\"><p class=\"has-text-color has-vivid-red-color\"><strong>Strategic Objective 7I<\/strong><br><\/p><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Investigate the development of the open-field system and medieval woodland management&nbsp;<\/em><br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Summary:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7Ia_White_Cross.jpg\" alt=\"A photograph of a stone cross, standing in a grassy field, under a tree. There is another, engraved cross at the top of the pillar.\" class=\"wp-image-510\" width=\"275\" height=\"413\" srcset=\"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7Ia_White_Cross.jpg 2304w, https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7Ia_White_Cross-200x300.jpg 200w, https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7Ia_White_Cross-768x1152.jpg 768w, https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7Ia_White_Cross-683x1024.jpg 683w, https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7Ia_White_Cross-800x1200.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 275px) 100vw, 275px\" \/><figcaption>The White Cross: a unique survival of a medieval forest boundary cross, mentioned in a 1299 perambulation of the forest. The cross stands on the boundary between the Northamptonshire townships of King`s Cliffe and Blatherwycke (photograph \u00a9 Glenn Foard; see Foard et al 2009, 21)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The origins of the open-field system have long attracted discussion, and are nowhere better addressed than in the East Midlands[45]. Large areas of the lowland zone were dominated in this period by unhedged open fields rotating between arable and pasture and, particularly in Leicestershire and Northamptonshire, ridge and furrow earthworks remain important elements of the landscape character. The only English village where open-field farming is still conducted under the guidance of a court leet is to be found at Laxton in Nottinghamshire[46], and detailed surveys here and elsewhere have enhanced significantly our understanding of the origins of this flexible and long-lived agricultural system, developments over time, and the relationship between arable, pasture and woodland[47]. Fieldwalking[48], targeted excavation, and earthwork, geophysical, air photographic and lidar surveys can elucidate the origins and development of field systems and their relationship to earlier systems of land allotment[49], and should be encouraged. There is also much potential for further investigations of woodland, including hunting parks, by documentary research, earthwork surveys and remote sensing. Studies have been undertaken of Rockingham Forest[50] and of Leicestershire[51] and Lincolnshire[52] woodlands. Building upon these, further work should aim to integrate documentary and landscape evidence, with emphasis upon the evidence for former management and exploitation, access and changing boundaries. There is also a need to compare and contrast the information on woodland management and exploitation in the Champion lands with that in less favoured upland areas. Woodlands offer particular opportunities for a wide range of local fieldwork as well as potential partnerships with the Woodland Trust, National Trust and community groups, which are often concerned with the amenity value of woodlands.<br><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Agenda topics addressed:<\/strong> 7.2.1; 7.2.2; 7.3.2; 7.5.4; 7.7.1-7.7.3<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7Ib_Borough-Hill-ridge-and-furrow.jpg\" alt=\"A photograph of a green field, in a rural landscape. In the field can be seen a clear area of parallel ridges, extending for approximately 100 metres in both width and depth.\" class=\"wp-image-511\" width=\"571\" height=\"295\" srcset=\"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7Ib_Borough-Hill-ridge-and-furrow.jpg 2832w, https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7Ib_Borough-Hill-ridge-and-furrow-300x155.jpg 300w, https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7Ib_Borough-Hill-ridge-and-furrow-768x398.jpg 768w, https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7Ib_Borough-Hill-ridge-and-furrow-1024x530.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7Ib_Borough-Hill-ridge-and-furrow-800x414.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 571px) 100vw, 571px\" \/><figcaption>Ridge and furrow earthworks preserved in pasture outside Burrough Hill hillfort, Leicestershire (photograph: D. Knight)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Archaeology of the East Midlands:<\/strong> 215, 286<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ridge and furrow earthworks preserved in pasture outside Burrough Hill hillfort, Leicestershire (photograph: D. Knight)<br>Ridge and furrow earthworks preserved in pasture outside Burrough Hill hillfort, Leicestershire <br>Other research frameworks:<br>EH National Heritage Science Strategy Report 2 2009: Section 3.3.1 (People and environment)<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>References:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[45] Beckett, J V 1988 The East Midlands from AD 1000. London: Longman, 46-51<br>[46] Beckett, J V 1989 A History of Laxton. Oxford: Blackwell<br>[47] eg Whittlewood Project: Jones, R and Page, M 2006 Medieval Villages in an English Landscape. Beginnings and Ends. Macclesfield: Windgather Press<br>[48] eg Jones, R 2005 &#8216;Signatures in the soil: The use of pottery in manure scatters in the identification of medieval arable farming regimes&#8217;. Archaeological Journal 161, 159-188<br>[49] eg Elliott, L, Jones, H and Howard, A J, 2004 &#8216;The medieval landscape&#8217; in Knight, D and Howard, A J Trent Valley Landscapes. Kings Lynn: Heritage Marketing and Publications, 168-169<br>[50] Foard, G, Hall, D and Partida, T 2009 Rockingham Forest. An Atlas of the Medieval and Early-Modern Landscape. Northampton: Northamptonshire Record Society<br>[51] Squires, A E 2004 &#8216;Parks and woodland in medieval Leicestershire, 1086-1530&#8217; in Bowman, P and Liddle, P (eds) Leicestershire Landscapes (Leicester Museums Archaeological Fieldwork Group Monograph 1). Leicester: Leicester Museums Archaeological Fieldwork Group, 141-153<br>[52] Lane, T 1995 The Archaeology and Developing Landscape of Ropsley and Humby, Lincolnshire (Lincolnshire Archaeology and Heritage Series 2). Heckington: Heritage Trust of Lincolnshire<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-vivid-red-color wp-block-paragraph\"><a name=\"7J\"><p class=\"has-text-color has-vivid-red-color\"><strong>Research Objective 7J<\/strong><\/p><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Research the regional communications infrastructure<\/em><br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Summary:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The medieval period is important for the study of communication routes, which may well have varied in importance from one time to another and intra-regionally[53]. The physical infrastructure, comprising roads, rivers and related appurtenances such as bridges and wharfs, and associations of these with landscape features, are under-investigated. In addition, the evidence that pottery and other artefacts can provide for the use of inland and coastal waterways such as the Trent and Nene has also not been maximised[54]. At Hemington Quarry near Castle Donington, Leicestershire, three phases of timber and stone bridge piers dated to 1090, 1215 and 1238 respectively have been recorded and fully investigated during gravel extraction in the river floodplain[55]. Such investigations are rare, however, and many communications features are not listed in Historic Environment Records. Landscape features, such as hollow-ways, fords and bypassed stretches of major and minor highways, also remain little researched, while roads are seldom accorded archaeological excavation[56].<br><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Agenda topics addressed:<\/strong> 7.1.2; 7.1.4; 7.6.1; 7.6.2; 7.7.5<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Archaeology of the East Midlands:<\/strong> 216<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Other research frameworks:<\/strong><br>EH Thematic Research Strategy for the Historic Industrial Environment 2010: IND4 (Impact of industrialisation: transport systems, communications and public utilities)<br>Medieval Pottery Research Group 2011, 22-23 (Priority A8; see also 34-35)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>References:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[53] Beckett, J V 1988 The East Midlands from AD 1000. London: Longman, 46-51<br>[54] Lewis, C 2006 &#8216;The medieval period&#8217; in The Archaeology of the East Midlands, 209-210<br>[55] Ripper, S and Cooper, L 2009 The Hemington Bridges: The Excavation of Three Medieval Bridges at Hemington Quarry near Castle Donington (University of Leicester Archaeology Monograph 16). Leicester: University of Leicester<br>[56] For Lincoln see Stocker, D 2003 &#8216;The archaeological agenda: An introduction to the Research Agenda Zone entries&#8217; in Jones, M J Stocker, D and Vince, A (eds) The City By The Pool: Assessing the Archaeology of the City of Lincoln. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 267-269<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7Ic_Laxton_map.jpg\" alt=\"A hand-drawn map showing a complex field system, as well as settlements, roads and rivers. The fields are mostly very long and thin. Charming caricatures of farmers and travelers populate the map.\" class=\"wp-image-512\" width=\"2244\" height=\"1400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7Ic_Laxton_map.jpg 2244w, https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7Ic_Laxton_map-300x187.jpg 300w, https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7Ic_Laxton_map-768x479.jpg 768w, https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7Ic_Laxton_map-1024x639.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7Ic_Laxton_map-800x499.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2244px) 100vw, 2244px\" \/><figcaption>Tracing of Mark Pierce&#8217;s 1635 map of Laxton, Nottinghamshire, by unknown artist, 20th century\n09-5964m_raw, Wed Jan 28, 2009, 11:56:42 AM,  8C, 9774&#215;12594,  (58+492), 100%, Repro 2-2+1con,   1\/8 s, R59.5, G54.6, B61.6<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Click&nbsp;here&nbsp;to see how to contribute&nbsp; Click&nbsp;here&nbsp;to see details of agenda themes and topics for this period. For more information about each Research Objective, select from the links below: 7A 7B 7C 7D 7E 7F 7G 7H 7I 7J Strategic Objective 7A Undertake syntheses of urban excavation, survey and documentary data to develop understanding of town [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":506,"parent":276,"menu_order":7,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"templates\/fullwidth.php","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-498","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>High Medieval: Strategic Objectives - East Midlands Historic Environment Research Framework<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/research-strategy\/high-medieval-strategic-objectives\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"High Medieval: Strategic Objectives - East Midlands Historic Environment Research Framework\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Click&nbsp;here&nbsp;to see how to contribute&nbsp; Click&nbsp;here&nbsp;to see details of agenda themes and topics for this period. For more information about each Research Objective, select from the links below: 7A 7B 7C 7D 7E 7F 7G 7H 7I 7J Strategic Objective 7A Undertake syntheses of urban excavation, survey and documentary data to develop understanding of town [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/research-strategy\/high-medieval-strategic-objectives\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"East Midlands Historic Environment Research Framework\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2021-02-18T16:11:24+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7F_Padley-Hall-e1613664667776.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"2800\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1827\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"21 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/researchframeworks.org\\\/emherf\\\/research-strategy\\\/high-medieval-strategic-objectives\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/researchframeworks.org\\\/emherf\\\/research-strategy\\\/high-medieval-strategic-objectives\\\/\",\"name\":\"High Medieval: Strategic Objectives - East Midlands Historic Environment Research Framework\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/researchframeworks.org\\\/emherf\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/researchframeworks.org\\\/emherf\\\/research-strategy\\\/high-medieval-strategic-objectives\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/researchframeworks.org\\\/emherf\\\/research-strategy\\\/high-medieval-strategic-objectives\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/researchframeworks.org\\\/emherf\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/6\\\/2018\\\/10\\\/6-7F_Padley-Hall-e1613664667776.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2018-10-03T12:14:08+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2021-02-18T16:11:24+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/researchframeworks.org\\\/emherf\\\/research-strategy\\\/high-medieval-strategic-objectives\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/researchframeworks.org\\\/emherf\\\/research-strategy\\\/high-medieval-strategic-objectives\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/researchframeworks.org\\\/emherf\\\/research-strategy\\\/high-medieval-strategic-objectives\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/researchframeworks.org\\\/emherf\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/6\\\/2018\\\/10\\\/6-7F_Padley-Hall-e1613664667776.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/researchframeworks.org\\\/emherf\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/6\\\/2018\\\/10\\\/6-7F_Padley-Hall-e1613664667776.jpg\",\"width\":2800,\"height\":1827},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/researchframeworks.org\\\/emherf\\\/research-strategy\\\/high-medieval-strategic-objectives\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/researchframeworks.org\\\/emherf\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Research Strategy\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/researchframeworks.org\\\/emherf\\\/research-strategy\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"High Medieval: Strategic Objectives\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/researchframeworks.org\\\/emherf\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/researchframeworks.org\\\/emherf\\\/\",\"name\":\"East Midlands Historic Environment Research Framework\",\"description\":\"Interactive Digital Resource\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/researchframeworks.org\\\/emherf\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"High Medieval: Strategic Objectives - East Midlands Historic Environment Research Framework","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/research-strategy\/high-medieval-strategic-objectives\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"High Medieval: Strategic Objectives - East Midlands Historic Environment Research Framework","og_description":"Click&nbsp;here&nbsp;to see how to contribute&nbsp; Click&nbsp;here&nbsp;to see details of agenda themes and topics for this period. For more information about each Research Objective, select from the links below: 7A 7B 7C 7D 7E 7F 7G 7H 7I 7J Strategic Objective 7A Undertake syntheses of urban excavation, survey and documentary data to develop understanding of town [&hellip;]","og_url":"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/research-strategy\/high-medieval-strategic-objectives\/","og_site_name":"East Midlands Historic Environment Research Framework","article_modified_time":"2021-02-18T16:11:24+00:00","og_image":[{"width":2800,"height":1827,"url":"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7F_Padley-Hall-e1613664667776.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Est. reading time":"21 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/research-strategy\/high-medieval-strategic-objectives\/","url":"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/research-strategy\/high-medieval-strategic-objectives\/","name":"High Medieval: Strategic Objectives - East Midlands Historic Environment Research Framework","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/research-strategy\/high-medieval-strategic-objectives\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/research-strategy\/high-medieval-strategic-objectives\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7F_Padley-Hall-e1613664667776.jpg","datePublished":"2018-10-03T12:14:08+00:00","dateModified":"2021-02-18T16:11:24+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/research-strategy\/high-medieval-strategic-objectives\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/research-strategy\/high-medieval-strategic-objectives\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/research-strategy\/high-medieval-strategic-objectives\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7F_Padley-Hall-e1613664667776.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/6-7F_Padley-Hall-e1613664667776.jpg","width":2800,"height":1827},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/research-strategy\/high-medieval-strategic-objectives\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Research Strategy","item":"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/research-strategy\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"High Medieval: Strategic Objectives"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/#website","url":"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/","name":"East Midlands Historic Environment Research Framework","description":"Interactive Digital Resource","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/498","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/13"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=498"}],"version-history":[{"count":13,"href":"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/498\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2253,"href":"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/498\/revisions\/2253"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/276"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/506"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/emherf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=498"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}