{"id":12,"date":"2018-08-26T08:06:53","date_gmt":"2018-08-26T08:06:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/eoe\/?page_id=12"},"modified":"2021-03-04T13:18:20","modified_gmt":"2021-03-04T13:18:20","slug":"medieval-rural","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/researchframeworks.org\/eoe\/resource-assessments\/medieval-rural\/","title":{"rendered":"Medieval: Rural Resource Assessment"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Introduction<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>This section of the Regional Research Framework presents a brief review of current national overviews, followed by an exploration of projects and research themes in the region that have contributed to the understandings of this aspect of the medieval period since the previous review of the framework (Medlycott 2011).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">National Overview<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The medieval period forms an important bridge between the\nstudy of the remote past, where archaeological data dominates, and the more\nrecent past, where the written record dominates. There are, however, very\ndistinct archaeological and historical streams of medieval research and it is\nstill rare to find syntheses that span both streams with confidence and\nability. The medieval period is also the period where the archaeological approach\nto buildings strongly meets the architectural approach, with again a tendency\nfor the two streams to run in parallel rather than in combination. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In 2012 the Medieval Settlement Research Group co-ordinated\nthe publication of <em>Medieval Rural Settlement. Britain and Ireland, AD\n800-1600 <\/em>(Christie and Stamper 2012), which is the most comprehensive and\nup-to-date statement of knowledge of the rural side of this period\u2019s\narchaeology. This follows a review of research undertaken nationally for the\nperiod 1996\u2013 2006 (Gardiner 2006) and a research and management framework for\nmedieval rural settlement and landscape (MRSG 2007), which is currently under\nrevision. A similar review process was carried out by the Society of Medieval\nArchaeology around the same time (Gilchrist and Reynolds 2009). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It is also possible to point to important recent research in\na number of specific areas: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>European background: major studies that aid the\nconsideration of the English evidence in the light of the wider European\nbackground have been provided by Ayers (2016), Bates and Liddiard (2013),\nCarver and Klapste (2012), Hoffman (2015), Klapste (2016), Simms and Clarke\n(2015), and Wilkin <em>et al. <\/em>(2015). <\/li><li>Landscape classification: English Heritage led\nthe way in this in the 1990s and early 2000s by championing a whole-landscape\napproach in Historic Landscape Characterisation (HLC) (Fairclough <em>et al<\/em><em>.<\/em> 1999; Clark <em>et al<\/em>. 2004; Rippon\n2004) and through the identification and mapping of settlement provinces and\nlocal regions (Roberts and Wrathmell 2000 and 2002). The technique has however\ncome in for some criticism for its adequacy in capturing and recording the\ncomplexity of landscape character, and its employment as a planning and\ndevelopment tool (Austin 2007; Williamson 2007; Donnelly <em>et al. <\/em>2014)).\nAn alternative approach, termed Landscape Character Assessment (LCA) has been\ndeveloped alongside HLC (and sometimes incorporating aspects of the HLC work)\nand offers another way of recording landscape character (Warnock and Griffiths\n2015; Fairclough and Herring 2016). A new approach is also being trialed by the\nEnglish Landscapes and Identities Project (EngLaId) based at the University of\nOxford, which seeks to combine computerised data from a variety of sources to\ninvestigate the history of the English landscape \u2018from the middle Bronze Age to\nthe early medieval period\u2019 (Donnelly <em>et al<\/em>. 2014). Part of its on-going\nproblems stem from varying definitions used in the original data, not least the\nuse of the term \u2018early medieval\u2019, with its double meaning of the period from\nthe 6<sup>th<\/sup> to 10<sup>th<\/sup> centuries (following Continenal usage),\nand its meaning as the earlier part of the period from 1066 to 1500 (in\ntraditional English usage). <\/li><li>Excavation and survey projects: the importance\nof the landscape approach is shown in the work at Raunds in Northamptonshire\n(Parry 2005, Audouy and Chapman 2009, Chapman 2010) and in the Whittlewood\nproject in the East Midlands (Lewis <em>et al<\/em>. 1997; Jones and Page 2006).\nThe use of test pits to examine to examine currently occupied rural settlements\n(CORS) has also been developed (Lewis 2007, 2015). \u2028<\/li><li>Farming and field systems: techniques of\nmedieval farming on a continental scale is presented by Klapste (2016). The\noperation and origins of common fields, particularly in the context of the\nEnglish Midlands, are explored in detail by Hall (2014) and by Liddiard <em>et\nal. <\/em>(2013). English field systems outside the Midlands are considered in\nRippon (2012a). <\/li><li>Castles and moats: a model synthesis of\ndevelopment of castles in England is provided by Goodall (2011) and recent\ncastle research by Davies <em>et al<\/em>. (2015). The impact of castles on\nsettlements and landscapes is considered by Creighton (2002, 2009a). Differing\nviews as to the motivation behind the construction of homestead moats are presented\nby Platt (2010) and Johnson (2015). <\/li><li>Churches and monasteries: curiously, despite\ntheir importance, these have not really featured in previous research\nframeworks. A discipline of \u2018church archaeology\u2019 came to the fore in the 1990s\nwith the formation of the Society of Church Archaeology in 1996 and the setting\nup of the Association of Diocesan and Cathedral Archaeologists shortly\nafterwards (the ADCA disbanded in 2014 but its four guidance notes are\navailable on the SCA website &#8211; <a href=\"http:\/\/churcharchaeology.org\/ADCA.html\">http:\/\/churcharchaeology.org\/ADCA.html<\/a>;\nguidance was also provided by the CBA \u2013 Cocke <em>et al.<\/em> 1996). Overviews were provided by Blair and Pyrah (1996),\nRodwell (1997), Morris (1997), and Tatton-Brown and Munby (1997), with Blair\n(2005) covering the origins. Monasteries were covered by Aston (2000), Bond\n(2004) and Coppack (2006).<\/li><li>Designed landscapes: the growing appreciation of\ndeliberate landscape design and planning is reflected in Creighton (2009b) and\nJamieson and Lane (2015). <\/li><li>Standing buildings: an approach combining the\ncharacter of the landscape and the farm buildings it contains is championed in\nLake and Edwards (2006). Meeson (2012) provides some analysis of the growing\ndata from dendrochronology. <\/li><li>Artefacts: the production of high-quality museum\nand excavation catalogues (e.g. Egan 1998) is substantially aiding the\ninterpretation of material, especially with regard to the Portable Antiquities\nScheme. The overwhelming importance of the East of England for the recovery and\nrecording of medieval artefacts is demonstrated by the maps in Oksanen and\nLewis (2015). <\/li><li>Archaeobotany: the need to set priorities and\nstandards are highlighted in Van de Veen <em>et al. <\/em>(2013). <\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Key themes for the East of England <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The historic landscape <\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Work over the last few decades has developed a more detailed\nunderstanding of the evolution of the complex historic landscapes of the East\nof England. The late Oliver Rackham, building on earlier maps showing the\ndistribution of Midlands-style common fields, produced a national map (1986)\nthat broadly divided England into a central component with a \u2018planned\u2019\ncountryside, and eastern and western ones with \u2018ancient\u2019 countrysides. The\nthree western counties of this region (Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire and\nHertfordshire) largely fell into the \u2018planned\u2019 part, and most of the three more\neastern counties (Essex, east Suffolk and east Norfolk) fell into the \u2018ancient\u2019\npart. In mapping commissioned by English Heritage, Roberts and Wrathmell (2000\nand 2002) similarly divided this region by the boundary between their Central\nand South Eastern landscape provinces; the former being characterised by common\nfields and nucleated villages, and the latter by more diverse field systems and\ndispersed settlement patterns. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>English Heritage also commissioned an East of England\nHistoric Landscape Characterisation Project (1999-2008) and a related Historic\nField Systems of East Anglia Project (2000-05). Drawbacks to parts of the HLC\nproject are aired in Gascoyne and Medlycott (2012). The Field Systems study\nshowed the complexity of the agricultural arrangements in Eastern England, with\ncommon fields of varying degrees of formality prevailing in the north and west\nof the region, and ancient \u2018block holdings\u2019 (or land in severalty) dominating\nin the south (Martin and Satchell 2008). The boundary between the two\napproximates to the line of the River Gipping in Suffolk and has been shown to\nbe a major cultural and landscape boundary and has been termed \u2018the Gipping\nDivide\u2019 (Martin 2004, 2012a). The significance of this boundary has also been\nexplored by Williamson (2006) and Rippon (2008, 2012b). Differing views about\nthe nature of the field systems and their distributions are expressed, from a\nmore traditional agricultural history perception, by Bailey (2009). The Fields\nSystems project also expressed doubt on the suggested prehistoric dating of\nco-axial field systems that are a feature of the clay lands of East Anglia\n(Williamson 1986) and Williamson himself has since (2016) argued that such\ndating is unreliable and has suggested that \u2018the roots of the medieval\ncountryside lay in a largely pastoral Anglo-Saxon landscape\u2019. The fields\nproject also highlighted the absence of \u2018high\u2019 ridge-and-furrow (with permanent\nridges) in most parts of the region, except the west. Instead \u2018low\u2019\nridge-and-furrow (regularly split and reformed) produced by \u2018stetch\u2019 ploughing\nwas the norm. The distribution of regular and irregular field systems in south\nCambridgeshire is explored by Oosthuizen (2010). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The HLC mapping also contributed to a Landscape Character Assessment project in Suffolk (2008; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.suffolklandscape.org.uk\">http:\/\/www.suffolklandscape.org.uk<\/a>) that was later (2010) extended in a less detailed form to the whole region (http:\/\/landscape-east.org.uk\/east-england-landscape-typology). Some more detailed LCA work has been carried out under HLF Landscape Projects in the Stour Valley of Suffolk and Essex (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.suffolklandscape.org.uk\/userfiles\/pdfs\/DV%20Hist%20landscape%20Study\/Core _Document_MaM_LandscapeCharacterStudy.pdf\">http:\/\/www.suffolklandscape.org.uk\/userfiles\/pdfs\/DV%20Hist%20landscape%20Study\/Core _Document_MaM_LandscapeCharacterStudy.pdf<\/a>) and in the Brecks of Norfolk and Suffolk (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.breakingnewground.org.uk\/assets\/LCAP\/BrecksLCA2.pdf\">www.breakingnewground.org.uk\/assets\/LCAP\/BrecksLCA2.pdf<\/a>). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Analysis of fieldwalking results (Medlycott 2005) and of aerial photographs (Ingle and Saunders 2011, Bales <em>et al<\/em>. 2012, Cattermole <em>et. al<\/em>. 2013 and the on-going Breckland National Mapping Programme project \u2013 <a href=\"https:\/\/historicengland.org.uk\/research\/research- results\/recent-research-results\/east-of-england\/breckland-nmp\/\">https:\/\/historicengland.org.uk\/research\/research- results\/recent-research-results\/east-of-england\/breckland-nmp\/<\/a>) has helped shed light on the distribution and density of medieval sites over large areas of land. The NMP projects carried out within Essex, Suffolk and Norfolk have significantly enhanced our knowledge of the period, both by identifying new sites and by providing detailed transcription and interpretation for those sites visible on aerial photographs that had previously been recorded. These projects have recorded extensive evidence for settlement, field systems, farming practices (ridge-and-furrow, agricultural enclosures), religious sites, communication networks, land reclamation and drainage and industry. The Portable Antiquities Scheme has extended the recording of metal-detector information, which was previously largely limited to Norfolk and Suffolk, into the rest of the region, although an accompanying degree of analysis is still required.Computerised mapping by Barlow (2011) of the Domesday data for Suffolk has offered new insights into that county\u2019s landscape and economy. Regional landscape surveys have included the Medieval Fenland project, a synthetic assessment of excavated data for the fenland areas of Cambridgeshire, Norfolk, Suffolk and Peterborough (Spoerry 2005). Two differing interpretations of a fenland landscape at Little Downham, Cambridgeshire, are presented by Taylor and by Clarke (2010). Taylor (2013) also provides a landscape history of another fenland parish at Dodington, Cambridgeshire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Rapid Coastal Surveys in Norfolk, Suffolk and Essex have\nrecorded many medieval and post-medieval features relating to the management\nand exploitation of the medieval coast, including seawalls, grazing-marshes and\nsalterns. Woodland surveys, undertaken as part of the Forestry Commission\u2019s\nregeneration programmes at Peterborough and elsewhere, have revealed hitherto\nunrecorded features associated with historic woodland management, and important\nearlier remains (Hall 2001; Simco 2003). The survey methodologies have been\napplied to woodland managed by other bodies. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Rural settlement patterns <\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>A review of the settlement evidence in \u2018Greater East Anglia\u2019\n(Essex, Suffolk and Norfolk) has highlighted some of its distinctive and\nsignificant features (Martin 2012a). These include hall- and-church complexes\nwith a suggested Late Saxon origin; a high incidence of dispersed farmsteads of\nmedieval origin, many of them moated; and settlements arranged around the edges\nof common pastures called greens or tyes, which are often peripheral to their\nparishes and, it is suggested, post-Norman Conquest in origin. Earlier origins\nfor greens are, however, suggested for Cambridgeshire (Oosthuizen 2002, 2003).\nThe development of common-edge settlements in Norfolk is also explored by\nWilliamson (2014). A neglected aspect of common land, common wood pastures, are\nanalysed for Norfolk by Dallas (2010). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Excavations on medieval rural settlements continue to be\ncarried out across the region, but these are often reported merely as parts of\nmulti-period sites where the identified medieval remains are limited to\nditches, pits and occasional post-holes, with few opportunities for meaningful\nobservations about the layout and content of the settlements. Larger-scale and\nmore productive excavations are fewer, but are continuing to produce\nsubstantial results. In Bedfordshire, excavations close to a loop of the Great\nOuse on the west side of Bedford have produced evidence of settlement from\nSaxo-Norman times onwards within a series of toft enclosures along a trackway\n(Luke 2016). In Cambridgeshire, a farmstead has been excavated at Cheveley and\na planned settlement at Burwell. In Essex, excavations in connection with the\ndevelopment of Stansted Airport led to the recording of a moated site,\nfarmsteads, cottages, hunting-lodge, a windmill and field systems (Havis and\nBrooks 2004; Cooke <em>et al<\/em>. 2008). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Significant work has also been recently carried out at\nBradwell Airfield. In Norfolk, excavations on the line of a gas pipeline\nuncovered medieval remains that imply substantial reordering of the landscape\nin the late medieval period (Wilson <em>et al<\/em>. 2012). Common-edge\nexcavations and surveys have taken place at Lingwood and Mattishall. At Botolph\nBridge on the edge of Peterborough, excavations have revealed details of a\nhall-and-church complex with probable Middle-Late Saxon origins with later\ntofts along an adjoining street (Spoerry and Atkins 2015). At Stowmarket in\nSuffolk, excavations have revealed an enclosed farmstead and a series of\nroadside tofts (Woolhouse 2016). Similar roadside tofts were excavated at Great\nBlakenham (Wallis and Meredith 2011) and at Brettenham, Darsham and Whatfield\n(Mustchin <em>et al. <\/em>2015). At Capel St Mary an enclosed farmstead with\nevidence of an aisled building has been excavated (Tabor 2016). At Wortham,\npart of a green-side settlement has been excavated (Atkins 2015). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As a contrast to these large-scale excavations, the\nmost-recent test-pit excavations of the CORS project (Lewis 2015) have produced\ninteresting results in Bedfordshire (Riseley), Cambridgeshire (Rampton, Sawtry,\nStapleford), Essex (Daws Heath, Hadleigh, Manuden, Southminster), Norfolk (Blo\u2019\nNorton, Brundall, Hillington, Hindringham) and Suffolk (Long Melford,\nWalberswick). The contribution of aerial photography to the analysis of\nmedieval settlement patterns and landscapes in Essex is discussed by Ingle and\nSaunders (2011), and the on-going Breckland National Mapping Programme is\ncontinuing to provide results (Bales <em>et al<\/em>. 2012, Cattermole <em>et. al<\/em>.\n2013). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The high status element \u2013 castles and moats <\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>New analysis of the Norman motte-and-bailey castle at Eye,\nSuffolk, indicates that the large \u2018outer bailey\u2019 that defines the current\nstreet pattern of the town actually envelopes two mottes, each with its own\nbailey, making it one of the very few double-motted castles in the country\n(Martin 2013). Work in 2011 on Haughley Castle, Suffolk, showed that the Norman\nmotte was once crowned by a stone keep (Brown et. <em>al. <\/em>2012, Martin\n2012b). Up-to-date accounts of two of the best Norman stone castles in the\nregion (Colchester Castle and Norwich Castle) are provided by Berridge, Ayers,\nHeslop and Popescu (all 2015). Geophysical surveys followed by a community\nexcavation in 2016 at the ringwork called Court Knoll at Nayland, Suffolk,\nrevealed that it contained an inner enclosure with a small church, which\nappears to have been reshaped and reused as a tower. A new analysis of the\nunusual earthwork castle of the \u2018Anarchy period\u2019 in King Stephen\u2019s reign at\nBurwell, Cambridgeshire, is provided by Wright <em>et al<\/em>. (2016). Another\nnon-standard castle, at Lidgate in Suffolk, is also probably of that same\nperiod or of the time of the Barons Wars in the 13<sup>th<\/sup> century (Martin\n2016). Work has also been carried out on the site of the castle of Fulk de\nBreaut\u00e9, King John\u2019s henchman, at Luton, Bedfordshire. The 14<sup>th<\/sup>-century\n\u2018status castle\u2019 of the de la Poles, earl and dukes of Suffolk, at Wingfield,\nSuffolk, has been studied and digitally reconstructed by Liddiard and its\norigins analysed by Martin (both 2015). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Homestead moats are one of the characteristic features of\nthe medieval landscape of the clayland parts of the region and Martin (2012)\nmaps the current distribution in Essex, Suffolk, Norfolk and parts of\nCambridgeshire and Hertfordshire \u2013 a concentration unmatched elsewhere in\nEngland. He also presents the evidence for them being, principally, visible\nsymbols of status. Platt\u2019s views (2010) on the largely defensive purpose of\nhomestead moats has been examined by Dean (2014) in relation to moats in the\nSouth Elmham area of Suffolk, where he has drawn attention to the existence of\nnumerous small moats. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The religious element \u2013 churches and monasteries<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Two introductions to religious life in the region are\nprovided by Pestell (2005) and Hoggett (2014). Overviews setting some of this\nregion\u2019s churches in their North Sea context are given by Heywood (2013) and\nPlant (2013). Some recent studies of individual churches are Ayers <em>et al.<\/em> (2017), Potter (2004) and Secker\n(2013 and 2017). Features and fittings inside churches feature in Ashley <em>et al.<\/em> (2011), Champion (2014a and\n2014b), Cotton <em>et al. <\/em>(2014) and\nSherlock (2014). Individual monasteries are in Crowe (2015) and Pestell (2000).\nAn unusual leper chapel is discussed by Satchell (2003).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Domestic buildings \u2013 excavated and standing <\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The lack of a good corpus of excavated medieval houses in\nthe region has repeatedly been flagged up (Wade 2000, Martin 2012, Luke 2016) \u2013\na lack which is particularly notable with regard to rural settlements. In many\ncases it is only the absence of other features that suggests the presence of\nbuildings. This suggests that the current corpus may be biased towards\nbuildings with sunken floors and earth-fast structural elements. In contrast,\nthe region has one of the highest concentrations of standing medieval\ntimber-framed buildings in Britain. The study of the standing buildings is,\nhowever, largely the preserve of architectural historians and there is still\nonly limited interaction between them and archaeologists dealing with excavated\nbuildings. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>New editions of the Pevsner architectural guides, incorporating substantial new research, have been produced for most of the counties of the region: Bedfordshire, Huntingdonshire and Peterborough (O\u2019Brien and Pevsner 2014), Cambridgeshire (Bradley and Pevsner 2014), Essex (Bettley and Pevsner 2007, includes a chapter on timber-framed buildings <em>c.<\/em>1200-1700 by D. Andrews), Norfolk (Pevsner and Wilson 1997 and 1999) and Suffolk (Bettley and Pevsner 2015). Hertfordshire is due for publication in 2019 (Bettley and Pevsner 2019). Essex has sponsored several important studies that have combined evidence from this region with that from other parts of the country (Stenning and Andrews 1998, Walker 2011, Andrews and Walker 2017). The Norfolk Historic Buildings Group published a research agenda in 2002-3 and has followed this with several major surveys of historic buildings in particular places (Longcroft and Morgan 2002-3, Longcroft 2005, Longcroft <em>et al<\/em>. 2009, Longcroft <em>et al<\/em>. 2015). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Lists of tree-ring dated buildings, arranged by county, have\nbeen made available online by the Vernacular Architecture Group \u2013 www.vag.org.uk\/dendro-tables\/. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Industry <\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Pottery is frequently used as a means of dating sites and\nthere have been very welcome advances in the analytical and synthetic study of\nthe medieval pottery of this region. The Castle Mall site in Norwich (Shepherd\nPopescu 2009) revealed probable Thetford-type pottery production as well as\nevidence for numerous other crafts\/industries, including a huge 15th-century\nassemblage from infills of a castle well which comprised a wide range of waste\nfrom artisans working around the Castle Fee. A comparative study of the\nAnglo-Saxon to 17th-century pottery from Colchester, focussing on local wares,\nhas been published (Cotter 2000). A newly recognised pottery type, Ely Ware,\ndating to the mid 12th to 15th centuries, has been identified and published\n(Spoerry 2008). Spoerry (2016) has also provided a wider study of the pottery\nof Cambridgeshire that includes reviews of pottery sourced from the surrounding\ncounties, points to some newly-identified wares and suggests \u2018ceramic regions\u2019\nthat \u2018represent recognisable units in term of topography and settlement, and\nhave some relevance to administrative and tenurial relationships\u2019. Walker (2012)\nprovides a study of Hedingham Ware (12<sup>th<\/sup>-14<sup>th<\/sup> centuries)\nfrom north Essex, including its origins, affinities and distribution. The\nHarlow pottery industry (13<sup>th<\/sup>-18<sup>th<\/sup> centuries), also in\nEssex, is reported by Davey and Walker (2009). Slowikowski (2011) reports on\nsix production sites for Late Medieval Reduced Ware in the south-east Midlands.\nRecent excavations at the important pottery production site at Grimston,\nNorfolk, are reported on by Mustchin and Thompson (2014). New kiln sites have\nbeen identified at Haughley and Kessingland in Suffolk. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A Suffolk and Norfolk Saxon and Medieval Pottery Project,\nfunded by Historic England, has just started with the aim of creating an\nAnglo-Saxon and medieval pottery type series initially for Suffolk, to be\nfollowed by Norfolk on successful completion of the first phase. This will help\nstandardise recording and reporting of pottery in the region by providing an\nonline resource for pottery specialists, students, local archaeological\nsocieties and others with an interest in the subject. It is being run by\nSpoilheap Archaeology in conjunction with Suffolk County Council Archaeological\nService and Suffolk Archaeology CIC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Bibliography<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Andrews, D. and Walker, J., 2017. <em>Historic Buildings in Essex. Issue 13<\/em>. Essex Historic Buildings\nGroup, Needham Market.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ashley, S., Penn, K. and Rogerson, A., 2011. \u2018Rhineland lava\nin Norfolk churches\u2019, <em>Church Archaeology<\/em>\nvol. 13 for 2009, pp. 27-33<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Aston, M., 2000. <em>Monasteries\nin the Landscape<\/em>. Tempus, Stroud.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Atkins, R., 2015. \u2018A medieval green-side settlement at\nCherry Tree Farm, Mellis Road, Wortham\u2019, <em>Proceedings\nof the Suffolk Institute of Archaeology and History<\/em> vol. 43 pt. 3, pp.\n370-389<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Audouy, M. and Chapman, A., 2009. <em>Raunds. The origin and growth of a midland village AD450-1500.\nExcavations in north Raunds, Northamptonshire 1977-87<\/em>, Oxbow Books, Oxford.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Austin, D., 2007. \u2018Character or Caricature? Concluding\nDiscussion\u2019, <em>Landscapes<\/em> 8.2, pp.\n92-105.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ayers, B., 2015. \u2018\u201c\u2026traces of the original disposition of\nthe whole\u201d. Excavated Evidence for the Construction of Norwich Castle Keep\u2019 in\nJ.A. Davies, A. Riley, J.-M. Levesque and C. Lapiche (eds), <em>Castles and the Anglo-Norman World.\nProceedings of a Conference Held at Norwich Castle in 2012<\/em>, Oxbow, Oxford,\npp. 31-42.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ayers, B., 2016. <em>The\nGerman Ocean. 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(eds) 1997. <em>The Archaeology of Cathedrals<\/em>, Oxford\nUniversity Committee for Archaeology Monograph 42, Oxford<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Taylor, C., 2010. \u2018\u201cA place there is where liquid honey\ndrops like dew\u201d. The landscape of Little Downham, Cambridgeshire, in the\ntwelfth century?\u2019, <em>Landscape History<\/em>\n31, issue 2, pp. 5-23.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Taylor, C., 2013. \u2018Moat, park, manor house, rectory, palace\nand village: elements of the landscape at Doddington, Cambridgeshire\u2019, <em>Landscape History<\/em> 34, issue 2, pp.\n27-42.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Van der Veen, M., Hill, A. and Livarda, A., \u2018The\nArchaeobotany of Medieval Britain (<em>c.<\/em>\nAD 450-1500): Identifying Research Priorities for the 21st Century\u2019, <em>Medieval Archaeology<\/em> 57, 2013, pp.\n151-82.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Wade, K., 2000. \u2018Anglo-Saxon and Medieval (Rural)\u2019 in N. Brown\nand J. 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East Anglia<\/em>, English Heritage and\nCollins, London. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Williamson, T., 2007. \u2018Historic Landscape Characterisation:\nSome Queries\u2019, <em>Landscapes <\/em>8.2, pp.\n64-71. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Williamson, T., 2014. \u2018The Franshams in context: isolated\nchurches and common edge drift\u2019 in S. Ashley and A. Marsden (eds) <em>Landscapes and Artefacts. Studies in East\nAnglian Archaeology Presented to Andrew Rogerson<\/em>, Archaeopress, Oxford, pp.\n167-79.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Williamson, T., 2016. \u2018The Ancient Origins of Medieval\nFields: A Reassessment\u2019, <em>Archaeological\nJournal<\/em>, vol. 173 no. 2, pp. 264-287<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Wilson, T., Cater, D., Clay, C. and More, R., 21012. <em>Bacton to King\u2019s Lynn Gas Pipeline, Volume\n1: Prehistoric, Roman and Medieval Archaeology<\/em>, east Anglian Archaeology\n145.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Woolhouse, T., 2016. <em>Medieval\nDispersed Settlement on the Mid Suffolk Clay at Cedars Park, Stowmarket<\/em>,\nEast Anglian Archaeology 161, Bury St Edmunds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Wright, D.W., Creighton, O., Trick, S. and Fradley, M.,\n2016. \u2018Power, conflict and ritual on the fen-edge: the Anarchy-period castle at\nBurwell, Cambridgeshire, and its pre-Conquest landscape\u2019, <em>Landscape History<\/em> vol. 37 issue 1, pp. 25-50.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Introduction This section of the Regional Research Framework presents a brief review of current national overviews, followed by an exploration of projects and research themes in the region that have contributed to the understandings of this aspect of the medieval period since the previous review of the framework (Medlycott 2011). 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