The transition from Roman Britain to Anglo-Saxon England\nremains a key issue in British archaeology. Recent fieldwork and research has\nprovided more information on this topic, calling into question some aspects of previously\naccepted accounts. Archaeological\nevidence, for this period, as for others, continues to increase as a result of\ncommercial excavation and metal-detecting. \nMajor issues are the analysis and interpretation of this new material\nand establishing more precise dating for the fifth-seventh centuries AD. Progress is being made on these issues, with\nsignificant input from research in the Eastern Region. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
The chronology of the fifth century is becoming\nclearer. Both \u201cRoman\u201d and \u201cSaxon\u201d\nactivity can be identified in the fifth century, overlapping chronologically in\nthe first half of the century and possibly later, although not necessarily in\nthe same geographical region. Continuation of coin use into the early decades\nof the century has been argued on the basis of the distribution of clipped\nsilver siliquae<\/em> as well as the\noccurrence of a few hoards, including the Patching hoard, deposited later than\n461AD (Bland et al. 2014, White et al. 1999). A major hoard in the eastern\ncounties is the Sandridge hoard, found by a metal-detectorist in 2012 on\nprivate land to the north of St Albans. This is one of the largest hoards of\nRoman gold coins found in the UK, consisting of 159 gold coins, the latest\nissue of Honorius (St Albans museum web page).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Continuing manufacture and use of pottery in a Roman\ntradition into the fifth century has also been identified, including at\nBaldock, Hertfordshire (Fitzpatrick Matthews 2016, Gerrard 2016). The chronology of the\nearliest Anglo-Saxon settlement in the eastern region has been clarified through\nthe analysis of the cemetery at Spong Hill, North Elmham, Norfolk (Hills and\nLucy 2013). This demonstrates that most of the cremations at Spong Hill were\nburied during the fifth century AD, with the cemetery in use from the early\ndecades of that century. The main use of Spong Hill was earlier than most\nfurnished Anglo-Saxon inhumations in England, and partly contemporary with\ncontinental sites such as Issendorf and Schmalstede, rather than being later.\nThis contradicts the traditional start date for substantial Anglo-Saxon\npresence in England, ultimately derived from Bede, of the mid fifth century.\nRegional variation within England is very clear. Early to mid fifth century pottery and\nartefacts are found in small numbers across southern and eastern England,\nespecially in Kent and the Upper Thames, and some key coastal sites such as\nRendlesham (Scull et al 2016) and Mucking (Lucy and Evans 2016). However, the\nmain focus is in eastern England around the Wash. The modern counties of\nNorfolk and Lincolnshire, with parts of the East Midlands and southern\nYorkshire, show a density of both excavated cremation burials and\nmetal-detected finds which is of a different order of magnitude to that\nelsewhere in England.<\/p>\n\n\n\n A new chronological framework for seventh century Anglo-Saxon\nburials has also been established on the basis of Bayesian modelling of radiocarbon\ndates together with artefact typology and seriation (Hines and Bayliss 2013). This\nsuggests that furnished burial came to an end before the end of the seventh\ncentury, which has prompted re-examination of the numismatic evidence which\nappears to show furnished burial\ncontinuing later. It is arguable that the chronology of sixth century is the\nperiod now in need of detailed consideration, especially in the light of\nquestions raised by archaeological scientists about the impact of the\nJustinianic plague and a possible dramatic climate event in 536AD. The forthcoming publication of the cemeteries\nfrom Eriswell, Suffolk, will contribute to this. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Several recent projects have begun to address the problem of the \u201cgrey literature\u201d, using databases drawn from ADS as the basis for research. One of these projects, carried out by Prof John Blair at Oxford, focussed on Anglo-Saxon settlement. This appears to relate especially to the metrology of middle Saxon settlements (Blair 2013). Another Oxford project, \u201cEnglish Landscape and Identities\u201d, has taken a longer term and more geographically selective approach, and its results are not yet fully available. The EngLAID maps show the dense distribution of recent commercial excavation across England (https:\/\/englaid.wordpress.com\/<\/a>). The case studies for this project do not include one on the early medieval period in the eastern region but some of their findings will have implications for our region. A project which is directly relevant to this section is the \u201cFields of Britannia\u201d carried out at Exeter, available as a published book and online database (Rippon et al 2015). This drew especially on palaeoenvironmental and historic map evidence of the history of land-use during the first millennium AD which demonstrated significant continuities in landscape use from Roman to early medieval. Another comprehensive and accessible project is \u201cThe rural settlement of Roman Britain\u201d carried out by Reading University and Cotswold archaeology. This is a review of the excavated evidence for its stated topic, including much evidence from the eastern regions. It is now nearing completion, with the database available online at ADS and the first of a projected series of books now published (Smith et al. 2016). The sections on the later Roman period are directly relevant to the early medieval period. Chronologically there was a peak of farming settlements in use during the second century AD, with decline thereafter especially in the fourth century (Smith et al. 2016 fig. 12.16). Fewer sites in most regions were occupied in the later period, and there were changes in architecture and the morphology of settlements and an increased focus on cattle exploitation. The apparent decline in settlement and population seen during the fifth century may have been partly the continuation of a trend begun while Britain was still part of the Roman empire. Causes for this decline may have included climatic and political instability as well as external threats or actual invasion. Few of the sites occupied in the late Roman period can be shown to have continued in use into the early Saxon period. Taken together, the Roman Settlement and the Fields of Britannia projects show the considerable scale of settlement in Lowland Britain in the Roman period, and also the regional and chronological variation which need to be taken into consideration in any discussion of continuity and change from Roman to Saxon. In the eastern regions specifically publication of the excavations of the Roman sites of Billingford, Norfolk (Wallis 2011) and Heybridge , Essex (Ashwin and Tester 2014) has shown little continuity from Roman to Saxon occupation at those sites. <\/p>\n\n\n\n The extension of the Portable Antiquities Scheme across England has produced a very large database, to which the eastern counties contribute considerably. Norfolk and Suffolk have been recorded in several annual PAS reports as the most productive counties for metal detected finds and treasure, reflecting the long tradition of liaison with metal-detectorists in those regions, while Essex has reported a high number of treasure finds. Early medieval finds represent 4\u20135% of the reported finds. Several PhD theses have drawn on this material, demonstrating concentrations of many types of early medieval artefacts in the east. These include Toby Martin on cruciform brooches and Kathrin Felder on girdle-hangers, for the fifth-sixth centuries (Martin 2015, Felder 2014) and for the mid and Later Saxon periods Rosie Weetch on Carolingian metalwork and Jane Kershaw on Scandinavian metalwork (Kershaw 2013, Weetch 2014) <\/p>\n\n\n\n The density of settlement during some parts of the first millennium AD, as indicated by metal-detected finds and by commercial excavations, is far greater, especially in eastern England, than had previously been appreciated. The scale of some excavations is so large that it is possible to see the history of a whole piece of landscape, in some cases showing dense occupation, in others periods of abandonment. This demonstrates considerable regional variation. Regions with significant density of evidence for Anglo-Saxon settlement include the Vale of Pickering in Yorkshire, where geophysical survey has found clusters of grubenhauser at 2km distance (Powlesland 2006) and Norfolk, where the main sources of evidence are finds from metal detecting and fieldwalking (Chester-Kadwell 2009, Fleming 2016, Rogerson forthcoming). On the other hand, the absence of Anglo-Saxon settlement in area excavated in advance of the construction of Stansted airport was noted in the 2011 review. To this can be added the results of large scale and ongoing excavation in and around the city of Cambridge in advance of development. This has produced much evidence for later prehistoric and Roman activity, but very little for early Anglo-Saxon. South of the city there were scattered structures and burials of Middle Saxon date but little if anything recorded from the 5th<\/sup>-6th<\/sup> century apart from a few poorly recorded old finds (Evans et al. 2008, Evans et al forthcoming). The same picture is repeated to the north west of the city, where a large area was investigated as a whole, producing prehistoric and Roman settlements and burials but no definitely Anglo-Saxon features, despite being adjacent to the known site of an Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Girton. Further away, into the fens, the Roman port of Colne Fen, near Earith, came to an end and was not succeeded by any identifiable Anglo-Saxon activity (Evans et al. 2013). In Cambridgeshire and Essex, therefore, there were landscapes which were very much occupied and exploited from the last centuries BC to the fourth century AD but then remained almost empty until modern development began in the twentieth century. <\/p>\n\n\n\n The national account above has been driven substantially by\neastern region projects, partly set out in the previous section. Here some\nmajor projects, of national and international significance, are discussed in\nmore detail. At two sites, Mucking, Essex, and Spong Hill, Norfolk extensive\nolder excavations have received further analysis and publication (Lucy and\nEvans 2016, Hills and Lucy 2013).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Mucking, on the Thames estuary, was a multi-period site\nexcavated in the 1960s and 70s with occupation ranging from the Bronze Age to\nthe Early Saxon period, including substantial prehistoric and Roman phases of\noccupation which have only recently\nbeen fully published (Lucy and Evans 2016). The presence of granaries and\nevidence for large scale pottery production indicate this was a place with an\neconomic function in the later prehistoric and Roman period, probably not a\nhigh status residence, although possibly with some element of ritual\nimportance. Evidence for Roman occupation declines after the mid third century\nbut there is late fourth century pottery, much of it coming from Anglo-Saxon\nstructures. Lucy argues that this suggests the initial Anglo-Saxon settlement\ntook place within a continuing local context of Romano-British activity. Even\nthe later Anglo-Saxon settlement and cemeteries for which the site is best\nknown are located to some extent in relation to the pre-existing Roman\nenclosures, most notably cemetery two, placed neatly between two Roman\nrectangular enclosures (Lucy and Evans 2016 fig. 5.20). As the excavator,\nMargaret Jones, argued, Mucking is a strategic location, controlling the Thames\nestuary. The initial settlement of Anglo-Saxons may have taken place within a\nframework of continuing local officialdom, but it certainly becomes a place\ndominated by the material culture, and presumably the actual presence, of\nincomers. <\/p>\n\n\n\n At Spong Hill, in central Norfolk, a prehistoric and Roman\nsettlement was succeeded by a large Anglo-Saxon cemetery, excavated in the\n1970s, published in a series of reports 1977\u201394. Renewed research has now produced\na detailed account of the social structure and chronology of this site (Hills\nand Lucy 2013). At Spong Hill the latest\nRoman ditches were partially filled in by cleared vegetation before the\nAnglo-Saxon cemetery came into use (Rickett 1995, 41). There does seem to have been separation\nbetween the two phases of activity and a significant cultural break in the\nnature of use, from settlement to cemetery, but not a long period of\nabandonment of the site. The new chronology of the burials\ndepends firstly on the relative sequence of material from Spong Hill, using\nstratigraphic relationships between burials and correspondence analysis of\nassociated finds and pot decoration motifs. This internal sequence has been\ncompared with later Roman and migration period chronologies within Britain and\non the continent. Phases A and B include the majority of the cremations, with\nno inhumations, and occupy all of the cemetery area, with groupings of\nsimilarly decorated pots probably reflecting family plots. The latest phase, C,\nshows a contraction of burial to the northeastern quarter of the cemetery,\nwhere both cremations and inhumations were buried. The earliest phase, A, started before the\nmiddle of the fifth century. For much of the fifth century Spong Hill was a\nlarge cremation cemetery, providing a burial place for a region within central\nNorfolk. In its final phase, C, late fifth-early sixth century. it became a small mixed cemetery with\nindications of social hierarchy in the ring ditches around some well-equipped\ninhumations. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Two new fieldwork projects at Rendlesham, Suffolk, and Oakington, Cambridgeshire, have contributed significant new information. Rendlesham has long been identified as the \u201cvilla regalis\u201d mentioned by Bede in connection with the kings of East Anglia. The site has suffered in the past from the illegal unreported use of metal-detectors, resulting in theft of unrecorded artefacts. The landowner responded by calling in Suffolk archaeology service, who organised a comprehensive and fully recorded survey by local detectorists working with archaeologists. They found thousands of artefacts, many dating to the sixth-eighth century AD, including evidence for manufacture and use of gold, silver and copper alloy artefacts, and also Roman, Anglo-Saxon, Merovingian and Byzantine coins (Scull et al. 2016 figs.3, 8-10). This was followed by geophysical survey and small-scale excavation, which has demonstrated the existence of a major late Roman and early medieval centre which might be comparable with southern Scandinavian central places such as Uppakra or Gudme. This is the first such site to have been recognised in Britain. A key point is that it was already significant in the late Roman period, so that Scull argues its \u201cexceptional character in the sixth-eighth century was rooted in its earlier status under the late Roman empire\u201d (Scull et al. 2016, 1601). This seems to have been a focus of elite activity in both periods, which could mean either that it was an early target for takeover or that the local leaders joined forces with incomers and adopted their material culture. Either way this remains a place with long distance contacts across Europe and a centre for production of high status artefacts, a site of international significance in the first millennium AD and, in terms of research into that period, today also. Oakington is a village north of Cambridge, the location of a recently excavated early Anglo-Saxon cemetery and also a Middle and late Anglo-Saxon settlement. Excavations have taken place in 1994 (Taylor et al 1997), in 2006\/7 and most recently, 2010-2014, by Oxford Archaeology East and the University of Central Lancashire (Sayer et al 2011, Sayer and Dickinson 2013). By the end of the final season in 2014 124 human skeletons had been excavated in 113 graves: the site is notable for the number of multiple graves. The cemetery included a higher proportion of sub adult burials than is usually recorded, and also burials of women who appeared to have died when pregnant or in childbirth (Sayer and Dickinson 2013). Oakington and other Cambridgeshire sites have contributed to a pioneering genetic study, where ancient DNA was sequenced and whole genomes were analysed for a series of skeletons from Oakington, Hinxton and Linton (Schiffels et al 2016). Samples were taken from four female graves at Oakington. The burials contained similar assemblages and did not appear culturally different, however, analysis of their genomes showed this to have been a genetically mixed community, with local and immigrant ancestry. This contradicts the conclusion of some earlier genetic research that incoming Anglo-Saxons replaced the indigenous British population. It also does not appear that the two were distinguished in burial, nor, if their burial dress was what they had worn in life, were they distinguished by dress. A mixture of local and incomer seems a common sense result, consistent with much of the existing archaeological evidence. However, this is a small sample, which needs to be expanded and tested in different parts of England before general conclusions can be drawn about the population as a whole.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The Roman Rural Settlement and Fields of Britannia projects\nboth reviewed the history of settlement in the eastern region as well as the\nrest of England. A thesis by Fiona Fleming (Fleming 2016) is a detailed\nanalysis of Roman to Saxon settlement in Norfolk, building on the earlier\nresearch by Mary Chester-Kadwell (Chester-Kadwell 2009) and also drawing on the\nfieldwalking projects of Andrew Rogerson (Rogerson forthcoming). <\/p>\n\n\n\n The well known settlement sites of Mucking and West Stow\nhave both been the subject of recent research. At Mucking, Essex, the\nrelationship between the latest Roman and earliest Anglo-Saxon phases has been\nreconsidered (Lucy and Evans 2016). At West Stow, Suffolk, one of the\nreconstructed houses burnt down and this was excavated, as a contribution to\nunderstanding the effects of fire in archaeological deposits (Tipper\n2012). <\/p>\n\n\n\n Rendlesham is the most significant settlement site to have\nbeen investigated since 2011. \nMetal-detecting and geophysical survey together with limited excavation\nindicate this to have been an extensive and long-lived settlement, a central\nplace with a main focus of use from the late Roman to mid Saxon periods. The concentration of precious metal artefacts\nand production, and coins, indicate high status activity including production\nand exchange (Scull et al 2016). <\/p>\n\n\n\n There are frequent references in the grey literature to the\nexcavation of early-mid Anglo Saxon structures, usually identified through the\npresence of sunken-featured buildings containing animal bones and undecorated\nhand made potsherds, not always identifiable as early rather than mid-Saxon in date.\nRecent excavations include Harston Mill, a multi-period site south of\nCambridge, excavated and now published by Archaeological Solutions (O\u2019Brien\n2016). The early Saxon phase of this site included three sunken featured\nbuildings and a number of other structures pits and enclosure ditches. In\nEssex, near Langford, at least seven post built and two sunken featured\nbuildings were excavated by OAE (Gilmour 2015). The most substantial recent\nsettlement excavation was at Kentford near Newmarket, Suffolk, where at least sixteen, possibly eighteen, early Anglo-Saxon sunken features\nbuildings and two, possibly three post-built halls were found (Suffolk\nCIC webpage). Other sites tend to be smaller, for example at Stanford Rd\nShefford, where three sunken featured buildings were found by MOLA Northampton,\nwith some evidence for textile manufacture (Taylor 2014). <\/p>\n\n\n\n Test-pitting in a number of eastern county villages by\nAccess Cambridge Archaeology has produced some early Saxon pottery, indicating early\nSaxon activity in or near existing villages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n There is a pressing need for a review of the evidence for\nearly\/mid Anglo-Saxon settlement in the eastern counties and nationally, along\nthe lines of the Roman rural settlement project. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Early Anglo-Saxon burials continue to be discovered and published. The analysis of the Spong Hill cemetery has provided a chronological framework for cremation cemeteries of the fifth century. Further cremations have been recovered at Lackford from the cemetery excavated and published by Lethbridge in 1947 (Lethbridge 1951). Publication of the major cemeteries at Eriswell is in preparation. Two PhD theses on aspects of the artefactual material are already available (Nicholas 2016, Peake 2013). The final Eriswell report will provide a research focus for the cemeteries of early-mid sixth century date, such as those already published for cemeteries at Flixton (Boulter and Walton Rogers 2012) and Tittleshall (Walton Rogers 2013), and new discoveries in and around Cambridge (North Stowe; Hatherdene Close Cherry Hinton; North Ely; Fordham Rd Soham) and elsewhere (e.g. Hyderabad Barracks, Colchester; Hockcliffe, near Leighton Buzzard, Beds; Watton-at-Stone Herts; Stanton, Upthorpe Rd, Suffolk; several sites in Norfolk). Additional burials have also been found near previously recorded cemeteries (e.g. Flixton, Coddenham, Eriswell, Boss Hall, Ipswich, all in Suffolk) Suffolk, cemeteries Several of these cemeteries are on the same sites as Roman enclosures, in some cases (Hatherdene Close, Ely North, Fordham Road Soham) burials appear to be located with reference to the Roman ditches. The cemetery at Tranmer House, Sutton Hoo, has been fully published, adding a significant chapter to the history of that site. Just over thirty burials, inhumations and cremations, are dated mainly to the later sixth century, immediately before the well known barrow cemetery (Fern 2015). <\/p>\n\n\n\n Seventh century burials have also been discovered and reported in the press, mostly because of unusual associated finds, but are not yet fully published. These include: the Trumpington bed burial with gold cross (Evans and Lucy forthcoming); Barber\u2019s Point near Snape, burials and settlement site, possibly monastic (Meredith and Jenman 2014); Exning, near Newmarket with parts of horse trappings, blue glass fragment and unusually large spearhead; Diss, Norfolk, a single burial with an elaborate gold and garnet pendant; Stoke Quay, Ipswich, burials within ring ditches and settlement evidence close to later medieval church and cemetery. Also possibly 7th<\/sup> century is a burial from Chilton Leys, Stowmarket, with an iron bowl or cauldron, knives and possible miniature weapons. Other burials and an SFB were also found at this site (Haskins 2013). <\/p>\n\n\n\n Aldham Mill, Hadleigh, Suffolk, is an example of the\nphenomenon of reuse of Bronze Age burial mounds in the seventh century\n(Beverton et al 2013)<\/p>\n\n\n\n Numerous finds of this period from the Eastern counties\ncontinue to be reported to PAS. The assemblage from Rendlesham dwarfs other\nfinds, but many others are of interest. Notable amongst these are a series of\nbracteates from Binham (Behr 2010, Behr and Pestell 2014). These represent the\nfirst hoard of gold bracteates from England and one of the largest finds of\nearly Anglo-Saxon gold. They are argued to represent an early Anglo-Saxon\ncentral place, part of a network of such sites around the North Sea. Also from Norfolk, from near Burgh Castle, is\na copper alloy figure of a rider (Hills and Ashley forthcoming). Several\nfigurines are now known from Norfolk and Suffolk, (Pestell 2012). Pottery of\ncontinuing Roman tradition has been identified in burials at Baldock\n(Fitzpatrick-Matthews 2016). <\/p>\n\n\n\n The publication of a volume in the \u201cSylloge of Coins of the British Isles\u201d on early Anglo-Saxon gold coins and Anglo-Saxon and continental silver coinage of the north Sea Area, 600\u2013760 has provided greater precision to the dating of those coins (Gannon 2013). The incidence of coins in graves has been recently reviewed, showing a difference between the earliest coins, used as grave-goods, sometimes mounted as pendants, and later coins included, rarely, as currency (Scull and Naylor 2016). <\/p>\n\n\n\n Allen, M.,\nLodwick, L., Brindle, T., Fulford, M. and Smith, A., 2017, New visions of the\ncountryside of Roman Britain volume 2: the rural economy of Roman Britain.\nBritannia Monograph Series, 30. Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies,\nLondon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Antrobus, A. and Muldowney, M., 2012. Sudbury Rugby Ground, Great\nCornard. COG 028 and COG 030. Post-excavation Assessment Report. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Ashwin, T. and Tester, A., 2014. A Roman settlement in the Waveney\nvalley: excavations at Scole 1993\u20134. East Anglian Archaeology 152.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Atkinson M. and Preston S., 2015, Heybridge, a Late Iron Age and Roman\nSettlement. East Anglian Archaeology 154.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Banham, D.,\nand Faith, R., 2014. Anglo-Saxon Farms and Farming. Oxford. Oxford University Press.\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n Behr, C., 2010. New bracteate finds from early Anglo-Saxon England. Medieval\nArchaeology<\/em>, 54<\/em>(1), 34\u201388.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Behr, C., Pestell, T. and Hines, J., 2014. The Bracteate Hoard from\nBinham\u2014An Early Anglo-Saxon Central Place? Medieval Archaeology<\/em>, 58<\/em>(1),\n44\u201377.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Beverton,\nA., Boulter, S., Sommers, M. and Craven, J., 2013 Funerary landscapes in\nSuffolk: some Bronze Age burial sites and their re-use in the Anglo-Saxon\nperiod. Publication synopsis. Suffolk County Council Archaeological Service. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Blair, J. 2013, ‘Grid planning in Anglo-Saxon settlements: the short perch and the four-perch module’, Anglo-Saxon Archaeology and History<\/em> 18, 18\u201361.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Blair, J.,\n2018. Building Anglo-Saxon England. Princeton\nUniversity Press.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bland, R.,\nMoorhead, S. and Walton, P., 2013. Finds of late Roman silver coins from\nBritain: the contribution of the Portable Antiquities Scheme. In Hunter, F. and\nPainter, K., 2013, eds. Late Roman Silver. The Traprain Treasure in Context.\nEdinburgh. <\/em>The Society of\nAntiquaries of Scotland, 117\u201366.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Boulter,\nS., 2011. Former Tarmac Quarry, Flixton (FLN 009). Archaeological Excavation\narchive report. SCCAS Report No. 2011\/111.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Boulter, S.,\nand Walton Rogers, P., 2012 Circles and Cemeteries: excavations at Flixton. East\nAnglian Archaeology 147.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Burger, P.,\n\u201cIdentification, Geochemical Characterisation and Significance of Bitumen among\nGrave Goods of the 7th<\/sup> century Mound 1 Ship Burial; at Sutton Hoo\u201d,\nPLoS One 11 (12).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Carver, M.,\n2017. The Sutton Hoo Story. Boydell. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Chester-Kadwell,\nM. E., 2009. Early Anglo-Saxon communities in the landscape of Norfolk. <\/em>BAR British Series 481.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Evans, C.,\nMackay, D., Webley, L. and Alexander, J.A., 2008. Borderlands: The\nArchaeology of Addenbrooke’s Environs, South Cambridge<\/em>. Cambridge\nArchaeological Unit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Evans, C.\nwith Appleby, G., Lucy, S. and Regan, R. 2013. Process and History. Romano-British Communities at Colne Fen, Earith:\nan Inland Port and Supply Farm.<\/em> CAU Landscape Archives: The Archaeology of\nthe Lower Ouse Valley, Vol. II. Cambridge Archaeological Unit. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Evans, C.,\nLucy, S., and Patten, R., 2018, Riversides: Neolithic Barrows, a Beaker Grave,\nIron Age and Anglo-Saxon burials and settlement at Trumpington, Cambridge.\nCambridge Archaeological Unit Landscape Archives No.2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Felder, K.,\n2014. Girdle-hangers in 5th- and 6th-century England. A Key to early\nAnglo-Saxon identities (Doctoral dissertation, University of Cambridge).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Fern, C.,\n2015. Before Sutton Hoo: the prehistoric remains and Early Anglo-Saxon Cemetery\nat Tranmer House, Bromeswell, Suffolk. East Anglian Archaeology 155.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Fitzpatrick-Matthews,\nK.J., 2016. Defining Fifth-century Ceramics in North Hertfordshire. Internet\nArchaeology<\/em>, 41.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Fleming,\nF.J., 2016. A persistence of place: a study of continuity and regionality in\nthe Roman and early medieval rural settlement patterns of Norfolk, Kent and\nSomerset. British Archaeological Reports No. 626.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Fletcher,\nT., 2013. Prehistoric, Anglo-Saxon and\nPost-Medieval remains on land at Hazel End, Bishops Stortford, Hertfordshire.\nArchaeological Evaluation. Oxford Archaeology East Report No. 1410.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Gannon, A.,\n2013 Sylloge of Coins of the British Isles. Early Anglo-Saxon Gold and\nAnglo-Saxon and Continental Silver Coinage of the North Sea Area, c.600\u2013760.\nBritish Museum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Gerrard, J.,\ned., 2016. Romano-British Pottery in the Fifth Century. Internet Archaeology<\/em> 41.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Gilmour,\nN., 2015, Mesolithic to Post-medieval archaeology on the route of the\nChelmsford Effluent Pipeline, Essex. Oxford Archaeology East Report No. 1645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Haskins,\nA., 2013. A Roman-British Kiln, Early Saxon Burial and Multi-period Ditches at\nChilton Leys, Stowmarket. Oxford Archaeology East Report No. 1426.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Hills, C.,\n2017. The Anglo-Saxon Migration to Britain: an archaeological perspective. In\nMeller, H., Daim, F., Krause, J. and Risch, R., eds. Migration and Integration<\/em>, 239\u2013253. Landesmuseum fur Vorgeschichte\nHalle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Hills, C.\nand Lucy, S. 2013. Spong Hill: Chronology and Synthesis. IX<\/em>. McDonald\nInstitute for Archaeological Research<\/p>\n\n\n\n Hills, C.,\nand Ashley, S., 2017. \u2018Horse and rider figure from Bradwell, Norfolk: a new\nEarly Anglo-Saxon equestrian image?\u2019 in Eriksen, B.V., Abegg-Wigg, A., Bleile,\nR., and Ickerodt, U. Interaction without\nborders: Exemplary archaeological research at the beginning of the 21st century.\nFestschrift for Claus von Carnap-Bornheim, <\/em>515\u2013524.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Hines. J.,\nBayliss, A., Nielsen, K.H., McCormac, G. and Scull, C., 2013. Anglo-Saxon\ngraves and grave goods of the 6th and 7th centuries AD: a chronological\nframework<\/em>. Society for Medieval Archaeology. Monograph 33.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Kershaw,\nJ.F., 2013. Viking identities: Scandinavian jewellery in England. OUP Oxford.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Lanting,\nJ.N. and Brindley, A.L., 1998. Dating cremated bone: the dawn of a new era. The\nJournal of Irish Archaeology, 1\u20137. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Lethbridge,\nT.C., 1951. A cemetery at Lackford, Suffolk. Cambridge Antiquarian Soc\nQuarto Publications<\/em>, 6<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Loveluck,\nC., and Tys, D. 2006. \u201cCoastal Societies, Exchange and Identity along the\nChannel and Southern North Sea Shores of Europe, AD 600\u20131000.\u201d Journal for\nMaritime Archaeology 1.2: 140\u2013169.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Lucy, S.,\n2009. The Anglo-Saxon settlement and cemetery at Carlton Colville, Suffolk.\nEast Anglian Archaeology 131. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Lucy, S.,\nand Evans, C., 2016. Romano-British\nSettlement and Cemeteries at Mucking. Excavations by Margaret and Tom Jones,\n1965-1978<\/em>. Oxbow Books.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Luke, M.,\n2016. 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Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society,\nVol. 86, 57\u201390.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Taylor, E.,\n2014. Anglo-Saxon settlement at Stanford Road, Shefford, Bedfordshire,\nApril-May 2012. MOLA Report no. 14\/14.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Tipper, J.,\n2012. Experimental Archaeology and Fire: The Investigation of a Burnt\nReconstruction at West Stow Anglo-Saxon Village. Suffolk County Council\nArchaeological Service.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Wallis, H.,\n2011. Romano-British and Saxon occupation at Billingford. East Anglian Archaeology\n135.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Walton\nRogers, P., 2013. Tyttel’s Halh: The Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Tittleshall,\nNorfolk. The Archaeology of the Bacton to King’s Lynn Gas Pipeline, vol 2. East\nAnglian Archaeology 150.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Weetch, R.,\n2014. Brooches in late Anglo-Saxon England within a north west European\ncontext: a study of social identities between the eighth and the eleventh\ncenturies (Doctoral dissertation, University of Reading).<\/p>\n\n\n\n White, S., Manley, J., Jones, R., Orna-Ornstein, J., Johns,\nC. and Webster, L., 1999. A mid-fifth century hoard of Roman and pseudo-Roman\nmaterial from Patching, West Sussex. Britannia, 30, pp.301\u2013315.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Williams,\nG., 2012. Treasure from Sutton Hoo. British Museum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Williamson,\nT., 2009. Sutton Hoo and its landscape: the context of monuments. Windgather Press.\n <\/p>\n\n\n\n Wright, D.,\n2015. \u2018Middle Saxon\u2019 Settlement and Society. Archaeopress.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Online resources <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Martyn Allen, Nathan Blick, Tom Brindle, Tim Evans, Michael Fulford, Neil Holbrook, Julian D Richards, Alex Smith (2016) The Rural Settlement of Roman Britain: an online resource<\/em>. York: Archaeology Data Service. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5284\/1030449<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n John Hines\n(2013) Anglo-Saxon Graves and Grave Goods of the 6th and 7th Centuries AD: A\nChronological Framework<\/em>. York: Archaeology Data Service. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5284\/1018290<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Toby Martin\n(2015) A corpus of Anglo-Saxon cruciform brooches<\/em>. York: Archaeology\nData Service. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5284\/1028833<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n Spong Hill: Cambridge data repository, DSpace: https:\/\/www.repository.cam.ac.uk\/xmlui\/handle\/1810\/245133<\/a>\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n Fields of Britannia: <\/p>\n\n\n\n Open Research Exeter: http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10871\/15215<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\nOUP website: http:\/\/www.oup.co.uk\/companion\/fieldsofbritannia<\/a>\n\n\n\n <\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" National Overview The transition from Roman Britain to Anglo-Saxon England remains a key issue in British archaeology. Recent fieldwork and research has provided more information on this topic, calling into question some aspects of previously accepted accounts. Archaeological evidence, for this period, as for others, continues to increase as a result of commercial excavation and […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":572,"parent":27,"menu_order":6,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-8","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nRoman\/Anglo-Saxon transition <\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Landscape and Settlement<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Burials<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Finds<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Coins<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Bibliography<\/h2>\n\n\n\n