Links with Q44<\/p><\/span>
A programme of systematic palaeoenvironmental sampling should be incorporated into each excavation in order to ascertain the presence and extent of invasive floral species.<\/p><\/span>
Synthesis of published and unpublished studies. Landscape surveys. Thematic surveys. Sewers\/sluices\/watercourses\/weirs\/reservoirs.<\/p><\/span>
Recent emphasis on flood defence\/alleviation works provides opportunity to record through development control. Threat to weirs from European Directive on re-establishing natural river courses. Need to record and understand their significance. Look at the distribution, character and date of well houses, review published surveys, establish a regional typology and identify the best examples, significance, rarity etc. Review our understanding of 19th and early 20th century turbines utilising factory catalogues, excavated examples, surveyed surviving turbines.<\/p><\/span>
For example: identify how the late C18 enclosure awards and C19 expansion of enclosures into uplands affected field patterns, roads and farmsteads in region. Examine impact of urban expansion on agriculture – on buildings and farm landscape (rising demand for food prompted shift to dairy\/cattle raising from mixed arable)<\/p><\/span>
Purpose-built model\/industrial farms are a well- understood building type. Less is known about the extent to which existing vernacular farmsteads were adapted and improved in the C19. It is worth focusing on particular areas that lack study eg. Cumbria outside the Lakes, west Lancs, south Cheshire etc. Include food production and preservation, bone mills, tanneries, rendering. Links with Q7<\/p><\/span>
Two separate themes. (1)Technology in country houses eg. heating, lighting, lifts, communications etc (see HE book by Marilyn Palmer and Ian West); now a well-understood area. (2) Innovation and impact of industrialisation on estates. Less understood. Latter could include evidence of mineral exploitation on estates (eg. coal mining in S Lancs) and impact of canals and railways on estate landscapes. How did country house parks of the gentry develop in the region after 1750? Potential cooperative project with country garden trusts and national bodies to review transition from medieval deek parks (gentry and monastic houses) into designed parks, especially but not exclusively those ascribed to leading landscape designation (eg. Brown etc). Identify and examine model farms, which were mainly related to investment by country estates. Look at influence of contemporary publications on agricultural improvements and architects’ designs, compared to vernacular of post-medieval period. Links with Q6<\/p><\/span>
This question overlaps with the post-med period and focuses on trends in landscape design. Prior to late 18th century Brownian naturalistic ‘park’ landscaping, there was an earlier late 17th\/early 18th century phase of formal geometric landscaping that survives at some sites in the NW (eg.Dunham, Lowther, Stonyhurst) Potential cooperative project with country garden trusts and national bodies to review transition from medieval deer parks (gentry and monastic houses) into designed parks, especially but not exclusively those ascribed to leading landscape designation (eg. Brown etc).<\/p><\/span>
A specific theme in rural settlement relates to villas – houses built in rural areas by the newly rich, often associated with contemporary designed landscapes. Important in the Lakes, and well-researched there by Menuge et al. Less well understood elsewhere, for example how was wealth generated in urban areas reflected in villa development in Lancs and Cheshire and where are good extant examples?<\/p><\/span>
‘Utopian’ needs definition – as some industrial colonies were not ‘utopian’, but purely practical – homes for workers built next to the mill\/mine etc. This is a broad question and could be divided into industrial colonies eg. mill villages such as Styal and Carrbrook, Cumbrian quarry and mining villages and a separate theme for rural estate villages eg. Lowther, Cheshire estates etc. Consider the impact on areas such as the Lake District eg. Coniston, Elterwater (examples of villages growing out of mining, quarrying and gunpowder), Keswick, and Glenridding. <\/p>
Links with Q18<\/p><\/span>